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CLONE(2) Linux Programmer's Manual CLONE(2)
NAME
clone, __clone2 - create a child process
SYNOPSIS
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <sched.h>
int clone(int (*fn)(void *), void *child_stack,
int flags, void *arg, ...
/* pid_t *ptid, struct user_desc *tls, pid_t *ctid */ );
DESCRIPTION
clone() creates a new process, in a manner similar to fork(2). It is actually a library function layered on top of the
underlying clone() system call, hereinafter referred to as sys_clone. A description of sys_clone is given towards the
end of this page.
Unlike fork(2), these calls allow the child process to share parts of its execution context with the calling process,
such as the memory space, the table of file descriptors, and the table of signal handlers. (Note that on this manual
page, "calling process" normally corresponds to "parent process". But see the description of CLONE_PARENT below.)
The main use of clone() is to implement threads: multiple threads of control in a program that run concurrently in a
shared memory space.
When the child process is created with clone(), it executes the function application fn(arg). (This differs from
fork(2), where execution continues in the child from the point of the fork(2) call.) The fn argument is a pointer to a
function that is called by the child process at the beginning of its execution. The arg argument is passed to the fn
function.
When the fn(arg) function application returns, the child process terminates. The integer returned by fn is the exit code
for the child process. The child process may also terminate explicitly by calling exit(2) or after receiving a fatal
signal.
The child_stack argument specifies the location of the stack used by the child process. Since the child and calling
process may share memory, it is not possible for the child process to execute in the same stack as the calling process.
The calling process must therefore set up memory space for the child stack and pass a pointer to this space to clone().
Stacks grow downwards on all processors that run Linux (except the HP PA processors), so child_stack usually points to
the topmost address of the memory space set up for the child stack.
The low byte of flags contains the number of the termination signal sent to the parent when the child dies. If this sig-
nal is specified as anything other than SIGCHLD, then the parent process must specify the __WALL or __WCLONE options when
waiting for the child with wait(2). If no signal is specified, then the parent process is not signaled when the child
terminates.
flags may also be bitwise-or'ed with zero or more of the following constants, in order to specify what is shared between
the calling process and the child process:
CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
Erase child thread ID at location ctid in child memory when the child exits, and do a wakeup on the futex at that
address. The address involved may be changed by the set_tid_address(2) system call. This is used by threading
libraries.
CLONE_CHILD_SETTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
Store child thread ID at location ctid in child memory.
CLONE_FILES
If CLONE_FILES is set, the calling process and the child process share the same file descriptor table. Any file
descriptor created by the calling process or by the child process is also valid in the other process. Similarly,
if one of the processes closes a file descriptor, or changes its associated flags (using the fcntl(2) F_SETFD
operation), the other process is also affected.
If CLONE_FILES is not set, the child process inherits a copy of all file descriptors opened in the calling process
at the time of clone(). (The duplicated file descriptors in the child refer to the same open file descriptions
(see open(2)) as the corresponding file descriptors in the calling process.) Subsequent operations that open or
close file descriptors, or change file descriptor flags, performed by either the calling process or the child
process do not affect the other process.
CLONE_FS
If CLONE_FS is set, the caller and the child process share the same file system information. This includes the
root of the file system, the current working directory, and the umask. Any call to chroot(2), chdir(2), or
umask(2) performed by the calling process or the child process also affects the other process.
If CLONE_FS is not set, the child process works on a copy of the file system information of the calling process at
the time of the clone() call. Calls to chroot(2), chdir(2), umask(2) performed later by one of the processes do
not affect the other process.
CLONE_IO (since Linux 2.6.25)
If CLONE_IO is set, then the new process shares an I/O context with the calling process. If this flag is not set,
then (as with fork(2)) the new process has its own I/O context.
The I/O context is the I/O scope of the disk scheduler (i.e, what the I/O scheduler uses to model scheduling of a
process's I/O). If processes share the same I/O context, they are treated as one by the I/O scheduler. As a con-
sequence, they get to share disk time. For some I/O schedulers, if two processes share an I/O context, they will
be allowed to interleave their disk access. If several threads are doing I/O on behalf of the same process
(aio_read(3), for instance), they should employ CLONE_IO to get better I/O performance.
If the kernel is not configured with the CONFIG_BLOCK option, this flag is a no-op.
CLONE_NEWIPC (since Linux 2.6.19)
If CLONE_NEWIPC is set, then create the process in a new IPC namespace. If this flag is not set, then (as with
fork(2)), the process is created in the same IPC namespace as the calling process. This flag is intended for the
implementation of containers.
An IPC namespace consists of the set of identifiers for System V IPC objects. (These objects are created using
msgctl(2), semctl(2), and shmctl(2)). Objects created in an IPC namespace are visible to all other processes that
are members of that namespace, but are not visible to processes in other IPC namespaces.
When an IPC namespace is destroyed (i.e, when the last process that is a member of the namespace terminates), all
IPC objects in the namespace are automatically destroyed.
Use of this flag requires: a kernel configured with the CONFIG_SYSVIPC and CONFIG_IPC_NS options and that the
process be privileged (CAP_SYS_ADMIN). This flag can't be specified in conjunction with CLONE_SYSVSEM.
CLONE_NEWNET (since Linux 2.6.24)
(The implementation of this flag is not yet complete, but probably will be mostly complete by about Linux 2.6.28.)
If CLONE_NEWNET is set, then create the process in a new network namespace. If this flag is not set, then (as
with fork(2)), the process is created in the same network namespace as the calling process. This flag is intended
for the implementation of containers.
A network namespace provides an isolated view of the networking stack (network device interfaces, IPv4 and IPv6
protocol stacks, IP routing tables, firewall rules, the /proc/net and /sys/class/net directory trees, sockets,
etc.). A physical network device can live in exactly one network namespace. A virtual network device ("veth")
pair provides a pipe-like abstraction that can be used to create tunnels between network namespaces, and can be
used to create a bridge to a physical network device in another namespace.
When a network namespace is freed (i.e., when the last process in the namespace terminates), its physical network
devices are moved back to the initial network namespace (not to the parent of the process).
Use of this flag requires: a kernel configured with the CONFIG_NET_NS option and that the process be privileged
(CAP_SYS_ADMIN).
CLONE_NEWNS (since Linux 2.4.19)
Start the child in a new mount namespace.
Every process lives in a mount namespace. The namespace of a process is the data (the set of mounts) describing
the file hierarchy as seen by that process. After a fork(2) or clone() where the CLONE_NEWNS flag is not set, the
child lives in the same mount namespace as the parent. The system calls mount(2) and umount(2) change the mount
namespace of the calling process, and hence affect all processes that live in the same namespace, but do not
affect processes in a different mount namespace.
After a clone() where the CLONE_NEWNS flag is set, the cloned child is started in a new mount namespace, initial-
ized with a copy of the namespace of the parent.
Only a privileged process (one having the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability) may specify the CLONE_NEWNS flag. It is not
permitted to specify both CLONE_NEWNS and CLONE_FS in the same clone() call.
CLONE_NEWPID (since Linux 2.6.24)
If CLONE_NEWPID is set, then create the process in a new PID namespace. If this flag is not set, then (as with
fork(2)), the process is created in the same PID namespace as the calling process. This flag is intended for the
implementation of containers.
A PID namespace provides an isolated environment for PIDs: PIDs in a new namespace start at 1, somewhat like a
standalone system, and calls to fork(2), vfork(2), or clone(2) will produce processes with PIDs that are unique
within the namespace.
The first process created in a new namespace (i.e., the process created using the CLONE_NEWPID flag) has the PID
1, and is the "init" process for the namespace. Children that are orphaned within the namespace will be repar-
ented to this process rather than init(8). Unlike the traditional init process, the "init" process of a PID
namespace can terminate, and if it does, all of the processes in the namespace are terminated.
PID namespaces form a hierarchy. When a new PID namespace is created, the processes in that namespace are visible
in the PID namespace of the process that created the new namespace; analogously, if the parent PID namespace is
itself the child of another PID namespace, then processes in the child and parent PID namespaces will both be vis-
ible in the grandparent PID namespace. Conversely, the processes in the "child" PID namespace do not see the pro-
cesses in the parent namespace. The existence of a namespace hierarchy means that each process may now have mul-
tiple PIDs: one for each namespace in which it is visible; each of these PIDs is unique within the corresponding
namespace. (A call to getpid(2) always returns the PID associated with the namespace in which the process lives.)
After creating the new namespace, it is useful for the child to change its root directory and mount a new procfs
instance at /proc so that tools such as ps(1) work correctly. (If CLONE_NEWNS is also included in flags, then it
isn't necessary to change the root directory: a new procfs instance can be mounted directly over /proc.)
Use of this flag requires: a kernel configured with the CONFIG_PID_NS option and that the process be privileged
(CAP_SYS_ADMIN). This flag can't be specified in conjunction with CLONE_THREAD.
CLONE_NEWUTS (since Linux 2.6.19)
If CLONE_NEWUTS is set, then create the process in a new UTS namespace, whose identifiers are initialized by
duplicating the identifiers from the UTS namespace of the calling process. If this flag is not set, then (as with
fork(2)), the process is created in the same UTS namespace as the calling process. This flag is intended for the
implementation of containers.
A UTS namespace is the set of identifiers returned by uname(2); among these, the domain name and the host name can
be modified by setdomainname(2) and sethostname(2), respectively. Changes made to the identifiers in a UTS
namespace are visible to all other processes in the same namespace, but are not visible to processes in other UTS
namespaces.
Use of this flag requires: a kernel configured with the CONFIG_UTS_NS option and that the process be privileged
(CAP_SYS_ADMIN).
CLONE_PARENT (since Linux 2.3.12)
If CLONE_PARENT is set, then the parent of the new child (as returned by getppid(2)) will be the same as that of
the calling process.
If CLONE_PARENT is not set, then (as with fork(2)) the child's parent is the calling process.
Note that it is the parent process, as returned by getppid(2), which is signaled when the child terminates, so
that if CLONE_PARENT is set, then the parent of the calling process, rather than the calling process itself, will
be signaled.
CLONE_PARENT_SETTID (since Linux 2.5.49)
Store child thread ID at location ptid in parent and child memory. (In Linux 2.5.32-2.5.48 there was a flag
CLONE_SETTID that did this.)
CLONE_PID (obsolete)
If CLONE_PID is set, the child process is created with the same process ID as the calling process. This is good
for hacking the system, but otherwise of not much use. Since 2.3.21 this flag can be specified only by the system
boot process (PID 0). It disappeared in Linux 2.5.16.
CLONE_PTRACE
If CLONE_PTRACE is specified, and the calling process is being traced, then trace the child also (see ptrace(2)).
CLONE_SETTLS (since Linux 2.5.32)
The newtls argument is the new TLS (Thread Local Storage) descriptor. (See set_thread_area(2).)
CLONE_SIGHAND
If CLONE_SIGHAND is set, the calling process and the child process share the same table of signal handlers. If
the calling process or child process calls sigaction(2) to change the behavior associated with a signal, the
behavior is changed in the other process as well. However, the calling process and child processes still have
distinct signal masks and sets of pending signals. So, one of them may block or unblock some signals using sig-
procmask(2) without affecting the other process.
If CLONE_SIGHAND is not set, the child process inherits a copy of the signal handlers of the calling process at
the time clone() is called. Calls to sigaction(2) performed later by one of the processes have no effect on the
other process.
Since Linux 2.6.0-test6, flags must also include CLONE_VM if CLONE_SIGHAND is specified
CLONE_STOPPED (since Linux 2.6.0-test2)
If CLONE_STOPPED is set, then the child is initially stopped (as though it was sent a SIGSTOP signal), and must be
resumed by sending it a SIGCONT signal.
From Linux 2.6.25 this flag is deprecated. You probably never wanted to use it, you certainly shouldn't be using
it, and soon it will go away.
CLONE_SYSVSEM (since Linux 2.5.10)
If CLONE_SYSVSEM is set, then the child and the calling process share a single list of System V semaphore undo
values (see semop(2)). If this flag is not set, then the child has a separate undo list, which is initially
empty.
CLONE_THREAD (since Linux 2.4.0-test8)
If CLONE_THREAD is set, the child is placed in the same thread group as the calling process. To make the remain-
der of the discussion of CLONE_THREAD more readable, the term "thread" is used to refer to the processes within a
thread group.
Thread groups were a feature added in Linux 2.4 to support the POSIX threads notion of a set of threads that share
a single PID. Internally, this shared PID is the so-called thread group identifier (TGID) for the thread group.
Since Linux 2.4, calls to getpid(2) return the TGID of the caller.
The threads within a group can be distinguished by their (system-wide) unique thread IDs (TID). A new thread's
TID is available as the function result returned to the caller of clone(), and a thread can obtain its own TID
using gettid(2).
When a call is made to clone() without specifying CLONE_THREAD, then the resulting thread is placed in a new
thread group whose TGID is the same as the thread's TID. This thread is the leader of the new thread group.
A new thread created with CLONE_THREAD has the same parent process as the caller of clone() (i.e., like CLONE_PAR-
ENT), so that calls to getppid(2) return the same value for all of the threads in a thread group. When a
CLONE_THREAD thread terminates, the thread that created it using clone() is not sent a SIGCHLD (or other termina-
tion) signal; nor can the status of such a thread be obtained using wait(2). (The thread is said to be detached.)
After all of the threads in a thread group terminate the parent process of the thread group is sent a SIGCHLD (or
other termination) signal.
If any of the threads in a thread group performs an execve(2), then all threads other than the thread group leader
are terminated, and the new program is executed in the thread group leader.
If one of the threads in a thread group creates a child using fork(2), then any thread in the group can wait(2)
for that child.
Since Linux 2.5.35, flags must also include CLONE_SIGHAND if CLONE_THREAD is specified.
Signals may be sent to a thread group as a whole (i.e., a TGID) using kill(2), or to a specific thread (i.e., TID)
using tgkill(2).
Signal dispositions and actions are process-wide: if an unhandled signal is delivered to a thread, then it will
affect (terminate, stop, continue, be ignored in) all members of the thread group.
Each thread has its own signal mask, as set by sigprocmask(2), but signals can be pending either: for the whole
process (i.e., deliverable to any member of the thread group), when sent with kill(2); or for an individual
thread, when sent with tgkill(2). A call to sigpending(2) returns a signal set that is the union of the signals
pending for the whole process and the signals that are pending for the calling thread.
If kill(2) is used to send a signal to a thread group, and the thread group has installed a handler for the sig-
nal, then the handler will be invoked in exactly one, arbitrarily selected member of the thread group that has not
blocked the signal. If multiple threads in a group are waiting to accept the same signal using sigwaitinfo(2),
the kernel will arbitrarily select one of these threads to receive a signal sent using kill(2).
CLONE_UNTRACED (since Linux 2.5.46)
If CLONE_UNTRACED is specified, then a tracing process cannot force CLONE_PTRACE on this child process.
CLONE_VFORK
If CLONE_VFORK is set, the execution of the calling process is suspended until the child releases its virtual mem-
ory resources via a call to execve(2) or _exit(2) (as with vfork(2)).
If CLONE_VFORK is not set then both the calling process and the child are schedulable after the call, and an
application should not rely on execution occurring in any particular order.
CLONE_VM
If CLONE_VM is set, the calling process and the child process run in the same memory space. In particular, memory
writes performed by the calling process or by the child process are also visible in the other process. Moreover,
any memory mapping or unmapping performed with mmap(2) or munmap(2) by the child or calling process also affects
the other process.
If CLONE_VM is not set, the child process runs in a separate copy of the memory space of the calling process at
the time of clone(). Memory writes or file mappings/unmappings performed by one of the processes do not affect
the other, as with fork(2).
sys_clone
The sys_clone system call corresponds more closely to fork(2) in that execution in the child continues from the point of
the call. Thus, sys_clone only requires the flags and child_stack arguments, which have the same meaning as for clone().
(Note that the order of these arguments differs from clone().)
Another difference for sys_clone is that the child_stack argument may be zero, in which case copy-on-write semantics
ensure that the child gets separate copies of stack pages when either process modifies the stack. In this case, for cor-
rect operation, the CLONE_VM option should not be specified.
In Linux 2.4 and earlier, clone() does not take arguments ptid, tls, and ctid.
RETURN VALUE
On success, the thread ID of the child process is returned in the caller's thread of execution. On failure, -1 is
returned in the caller's context, no child process will be created, and errno will be set appropriately.
ERRORS
EAGAIN Too many processes are already running.
EINVAL CLONE_SIGHAND was specified, but CLONE_VM was not. (Since Linux 2.6.0-test6.)
EINVAL CLONE_THREAD was specified, but CLONE_SIGHAND was not. (Since Linux 2.5.35.)
EINVAL Both CLONE_FS and CLONE_NEWNS were specified in flags.
EINVAL Both CLONE_NEWIPC and CLONE_SYSVSEM were specified in flags.
EINVAL Both CLONE_NEWPID and CLONE_THREAD were specified in flags.
EINVAL Returned by clone() when a zero value is specified for child_stack.
EINVAL CLONE_NEWIPC was specified in flags, but the kernel was not configured with the CONFIG_SYSVIPC and CONFIG_IPC_NS
options.
EINVAL CLONE_NEWNET was specified in flags, but the kernel was not configured with the CONFIG_NET_NS option.
EINVAL CLONE_NEWPID was specified in flags, but the kernel was not configured with the CONFIG_PID_NS option.
EINVAL CLONE_NEWUTS was specified in flags, but the kernel was not configured with the CONFIG_UTS option.
ENOMEM Cannot allocate sufficient memory to allocate a task structure for the child, or to copy those parts of the call-
er's context that need to be copied.
EPERM CLONE_NEWIPC, CLONE_NEWNET, CLONE_NEWNS, CLONE_NEWPID, or CLONE_NEWUTS was specified by an unprivileged process
(process without CAP_SYS_ADMIN).
EPERM CLONE_PID was specified by a process other than process 0.
VERSIONS
There is no entry for clone() in libc5. glibc2 provides clone() as described in this manual page.
CONFORMING TO
The clone() and sys_clone calls are Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended to be portable.
NOTES
In the kernel 2.4.x series, CLONE_THREAD generally does not make the parent of the new thread the same as the parent of
the calling process. However, for kernel versions 2.4.7 to 2.4.18 the CLONE_THREAD flag implied the CLONE_PARENT flag
(as in kernel 2.6).
For a while there was CLONE_DETACHED (introduced in 2.5.32): parent wants no child-exit signal. In 2.6.2 the need to
give this together with CLONE_THREAD disappeared. This flag is still defined, but has no effect.
On i386, clone() should not be called through vsyscall, but directly through int $0x80.
On ia64, a different system call is used:
int __clone2(int (*fn)(void *),
void *child_stack_base, size_t stack_size,
int flags, void *arg, ...
/* pid_t *ptid, struct user_desc *tls, pid_t *ctid */ );
The __clone2() system call operates in the same way as clone(), except that child_stack_base points to the lowest address
of the child's stack area, and stack_size specifies the size of the stack pointed to by child_stack_base.
BUGS
Versions of the GNU C library that include the NPTL threading library contain a wrapper function for getpid(2) that per-
forms caching of PIDs. This caching relies on support in the glibc wrapper for clone(), but as currently implemented,
the cache may not be up to date in some circumstances. In particular, if a signal is delivered to the child immediately
after the clone() call, then a call to getpid() in a handler for the signal may return the PID of the calling process
("the parent"), if the clone wrapper has not yet had a chance to update the PID cache in the child. (This discussion
ignores the case where the child was created using CLONE_THREAD, when getpid() should return the same value in the child
and in the process that called clone(), since the caller and the child are in the same thread group. The stale-cache
problem also does not occur if the flags argument includes CLONE_VM.) To get the truth, it may be necessary to use code
such as the following:
#include <syscall.h>
pid_t mypid;
mypid = syscall(SYS_getpid);
SEE ALSO
fork(2), futex(2), getpid(2), gettid(2), set_thread_area(2), set_tid_address(2), tkill(2), unshare(2), wait(2), capabili-
ties(7), pthreads(7)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 3.25 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about
reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2009-07-18 CLONE(2)
