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FCNTL(2) Linux Programmer's Manual FCNTL(2)
NAME
fcntl - manipulate file descriptor
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int fcntl(int fd, int cmd, ... /* arg */ );
DESCRIPTION
fcntl() performs one of the operations described below on the open file descriptor fd. The operation is determined by
cmd.
fcntl() can take an optional third argument. Whether or not this argument is required is determined by cmd. The
required argument type is indicated in parentheses after each cmd name (in most cases, the required type is long, and we
identify the argument using the name arg), or void is specified if the argument is not required.
Duplicating a file descriptor
F_DUPFD (long)
Find the lowest numbered available file descriptor greater than or equal to arg and make it be a copy of fd. This
is different from dup2(2), which uses exactly the descriptor specified.
On success, the new descriptor is returned.
See dup(2) for further details.
F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC (long; since Linux 2.6.24)
As for F_DUPFD, but additionally set the close-on-exec flag for the duplicate descriptor. Specifying this flag
permits a program to avoid an additional fcntl() F_SETFD operation to set the FD_CLOEXEC flag. For an explanation
of why this flag is useful, see the description of O_CLOEXEC in open(2).
File descriptor flags
The following commands manipulate the flags associated with a file descriptor. Currently, only one such flag is defined:
FD_CLOEXEC, the close-on-exec flag. If the FD_CLOEXEC bit is 0, the file descriptor will remain open across an
execve(2), otherwise it will be closed.
F_GETFD (void)
Read the file descriptor flags; arg is ignored.
F_SETFD (long)
Set the file descriptor flags to the value specified by arg.
File status flags
Each open file description has certain associated status flags, initialized by open(2) and possibly modified by fcntl().
Duplicated file descriptors (made with dup(2), fcntl(F_DUPFD), fork(2), etc.) refer to the same open file description,
and thus share the same file status flags.
The file status flags and their semantics are described in open(2).
F_GETFL (void)
Read the file status flags; arg is ignored.
F_SETFL (long)
Set the file status flags to the value specified by arg. File access mode (O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, O_RDWR) and file
creation flags (i.e., O_CREAT, O_EXCL, O_NOCTTY, O_TRUNC) in arg are ignored. On Linux this command can only
change the O_APPEND, O_ASYNC, O_DIRECT, O_NOATIME, and O_NONBLOCK flags.
Advisory locking
F_GETLK, F_SETLK and F_SETLKW are used to acquire, release, and test for the existence of record locks (also known as
file-segment or file-region locks). The third argument, lock, is a pointer to a structure that has at least the follow-
ing fields (in unspecified order).
struct flock {
...
short l_type; /* Type of lock: F_RDLCK,
F_WRLCK, F_UNLCK */
short l_whence; /* How to interpret l_start:
SEEK_SET, SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END */
off_t l_start; /* Starting offset for lock */
off_t l_len; /* Number of bytes to lock */
pid_t l_pid; /* PID of process blocking our lock
(F_GETLK only) */
...
};
The l_whence, l_start, and l_len fields of this structure specify the range of bytes we wish to lock. Bytes past the end
of the file may be locked, but not bytes before the start of the file.
l_start is the starting offset for the lock, and is interpreted relative to either: the start of the file (if l_whence is
SEEK_SET); the current file offset (if l_whence is SEEK_CUR); or the end of the file (if l_whence is SEEK_END). In the
final two cases, l_start can be a negative number provided the offset does not lie before the start of the file.
l_len specifies the number of bytes to be locked. If l_len is positive, then the range to be locked covers bytes l_start
up to and including l_start+l_len-1. Specifying 0 for l_len has the special meaning: lock all bytes starting at the
location specified by l_whence and l_start through to the end of file, no matter how large the file grows.
POSIX.1-2001 allows (but does not require) an implementation to support a negative l_len value; if l_len is negative, the
interval described by lock covers bytes l_start+l_len up to and including l_start-1. This is supported by Linux since
kernel versions 2.4.21 and 2.5.49.
The l_type field can be used to place a read (F_RDLCK) or a write (F_WRLCK) lock on a file. Any number of processes may
hold a read lock (shared lock) on a file region, but only one process may hold a write lock (exclusive lock). An exclu-
sive lock excludes all other locks, both shared and exclusive. A single process can hold only one type of lock on a file
region; if a new lock is applied to an already-locked region, then the existing lock is converted to the new lock type.
(Such conversions may involve splitting, shrinking, or coalescing with an existing lock if the byte range specified by
the new lock does not precisely coincide with the range of the existing lock.)
F_SETLK (struct flock *)
Acquire a lock (when l_type is F_RDLCK or F_WRLCK) or release a lock (when l_type is F_UNLCK) on the bytes speci-
fied by the l_whence, l_start, and l_len fields of lock. If a conflicting lock is held by another process, this
call returns -1 and sets errno to EACCES or EAGAIN.
F_SETLKW (struct flock *)
As for F_SETLK, but if a conflicting lock is held on the file, then wait for that lock to be released. If a sig-
nal is caught while waiting, then the call is interrupted and (after the signal handler has returned) returns
immediately (with return value -1 and errno set to EINTR; see signal(7)).
F_GETLK (struct flock *)
On input to this call, lock describes a lock we would like to place on the file. If the lock could be placed,
fcntl() does not actually place it, but returns F_UNLCK in the l_type field of lock and leaves the other fields of
the structure unchanged. If one or more incompatible locks would prevent this lock being placed, then fcntl()
returns details about one of these locks in the l_type, l_whence, l_start, and l_len fields of lock and sets l_pid
to be the PID of the process holding that lock.
In order to place a read lock, fd must be open for reading. In order to place a write lock, fd must be open for writing.
To place both types of lock, open a file read-write.
As well as being removed by an explicit F_UNLCK, record locks are automatically released when the process terminates or
if it closes any file descriptor referring to a file on which locks are held. This is bad: it means that a process can
lose the locks on a file like /etc/passwd or /etc/mtab when for some reason a library function decides to open, read and
close it.
Record locks are not inherited by a child created via fork(2), but are preserved across an execve(2).
Because of the buffering performed by the stdio(3) library, the use of record locking with routines in that package
should be avoided; use read(2) and write(2) instead.
Mandatory locking
(Non-POSIX.) The above record locks may be either advisory or mandatory, and are advisory by default.
Advisory locks are not enforced and are useful only between cooperating processes.
Mandatory locks are enforced for all processes. If a process tries to perform an incompatible access (e.g., read(2) or
write(2)) on a file region that has an incompatible mandatory lock, then the result depends upon whether the O_NONBLOCK
flag is enabled for its open file description. If the O_NONBLOCK flag is not enabled, then system call is blocked until
the lock is removed or converted to a mode that is compatible with the access. If the O_NONBLOCK flag is enabled, then
the system call fails with the error EAGAIN.
To make use of mandatory locks, mandatory locking must be enabled both on the file system that contains the file to be
locked, and on the file itself. Mandatory locking is enabled on a file system using the "-o mand" option to mount(8), or
the MS_MANDLOCK flag for mount(2). Mandatory locking is enabled on a file by disabling group execute permission on the
file and enabling the set-group-ID permission bit (see chmod(1) and chmod(2)).
The Linux implementation of mandatory locking is unreliable. See BUGS below.
Managing signals
F_GETOWN, F_SETOWN, F_GETOWN_EX, F_SETOWN_EX, F_GETSIG and F_SETSIG are used to manage I/O availability signals:
F_GETOWN (void)
Return (as the function result) the process ID or process group currently receiving SIGIO and SIGURG signals for
events on file descriptor fd. Process IDs are returned as positive values; process group IDs are returned as neg-
ative values (but see BUGS below). arg is ignored.
F_SETOWN (long)
Set the process ID or process group ID that will receive SIGIO and SIGURG signals for events on file descriptor fd
to the ID given in arg. A process ID is specified as a positive value; a process group ID is specified as a nega-
tive value. Most commonly, the calling process specifies itself as the owner (that is, arg is specified as get-
pid(2)).
If you set the O_ASYNC status flag on a file descriptor by using the F_SETFL command of fcntl(), a SIGIO signal is
sent whenever input or output becomes possible on that file descriptor. F_SETSIG can be used to obtain delivery
of a signal other than SIGIO. If this permission check fails, then the signal is silently discarded.
Sending a signal to the owner process (group) specified by F_SETOWN is subject to the same permissions checks as
are described for kill(2), where the sending process is the one that employs F_SETOWN (but see BUGS below).
If the file descriptor fd refers to a socket, F_SETOWN also selects the recipient of SIGURG signals that are
delivered when out-of-band data arrives on that socket. (SIGURG is sent in any situation where select(2) would
report the socket as having an "exceptional condition".)
The following was true in 2.6.x kernels up to and including kernel 2.6.11:
If a nonzero value is given to F_SETSIG in a multithreaded process running with a threading library that
supports thread groups (e.g., NPTL), then a positive value given to F_SETOWN has a different meaning:
instead of being a process ID identifying a whole process, it is a thread ID identifying a specific thread
within a process. Consequently, it may be necessary to pass F_SETOWN the result of gettid(2) instead of
getpid(2) to get sensible results when F_SETSIG is used. (In current Linux threading implementations, a
main thread's thread ID is the same as its process ID. This means that a single-threaded program can
equally use gettid(2) or getpid(2) in this scenario.) Note, however, that the statements in this paragraph
do not apply to the SIGURG signal generated for out-of-band data on a socket: this signal is always sent to
either a process or a process group, depending on the value given to F_SETOWN.
The above behavior was accidentally dropped in Linux 2.6.12, and won't be restored. From Linux 2.6.32 onwards,
use F_SETOWN_EX to target SIGIO and SIGURG signals at a particular thread.
F_GETOWN_EX (struct f_owner_ex *) (since Linux 2.6.32)
Return the current file descriptor owner settings as defined by a previous F_SETOWN_EX operation. The information
is returned in the structure pointed to by arg, which has the following form:
struct f_owner_ex {
int type;
pid_t pid;
};
The type field will have one of the values F_OWNER_TID, F_OWNER_PID, or F_OWNER_PGRP. The pid field is a positive
integer representing a thread ID, process ID, or process group ID. See F_SETOWN_EX for more details.
F_SETOWN_EX (struct f_owner_ex *) (since Linux 2.6.32)
This operation performs a similar task to F_SETOWN. It allows the caller to direct I/O availability signals to a
specific thread, process, or process group. The caller specifies the target of signals via arg, which is a
pointer to a f_owner_ex structure. The type field has one of the following values, which define how pid is inter-
preted:
F_OWNER_TID
Send the signal to the thread whose thread ID (the value returned by a call to clone(2) or gettid(2)) is
specified in pid.
F_OWNER_PID
Send the signal to the process whose ID is specified in pid.
F_OWNER_PGRP
Send the signal to the process group whose ID is specified in pid. (Note that, unlike with F_SETOWN, a
process group ID is specified as a positive value here.)
F_GETSIG (void)
Return (as the function result) the signal sent when input or output becomes possible. A value of zero means
SIGIO is sent. Any other value (including SIGIO) is the signal sent instead, and in this case additional info is
available to the signal handler if installed with SA_SIGINFO. arg is ignored.
F_SETSIG (long)
Set the signal sent when input or output becomes possible to the value given in arg. A value of zero means to
send the default SIGIO signal. Any other value (including SIGIO) is the signal to send instead, and in this case
additional info is available to the signal handler if installed with SA_SIGINFO.
By using F_SETSIG with a nonzero value, and setting SA_SIGINFO for the signal handler (see sigaction(2)), extra
information about I/O events is passed to the handler in a siginfo_t structure. If the si_code field indicates
the source is SI_SIGIO, the si_fd field gives the file descriptor associated with the event. Otherwise, there is
no indication which file descriptors are pending, and you should use the usual mechanisms (select(2), poll(2),
read(2) with O_NONBLOCK set etc.) to determine which file descriptors are available for I/O.
By selecting a real time signal (value >= SIGRTMIN), multiple I/O events may be queued using the same signal num-
bers. (Queuing is dependent on available memory). Extra information is available if SA_SIGINFO is set for the
signal handler, as above.
Note that Linux imposes a limit on the number of real-time signals that may be queued to a process (see getr-
limit(2) and signal(7)) and if this limit is reached, then the kernel reverts to delivering SIGIO, and this signal
is delivered to the entire process rather than to a specific thread.
Using these mechanisms, a program can implement fully asynchronous I/O without using select(2) or poll(2) most of the
time.
The use of O_ASYNC, F_GETOWN, F_SETOWN is specific to BSD and Linux. F_GETOWN_EX, F_SETOWN_EX, F_GETSIG, and F_SETSIG
are Linux-specific. POSIX has asynchronous I/O and the aio_sigevent structure to achieve similar things; these are also
available in Linux as part of the GNU C Library (Glibc).
Leases
F_SETLEASE and F_GETLEASE (Linux 2.4 onwards) are used (respectively) to establish a new lease, and retrieve the current
lease, on the open file description referred to by the file descriptor fd. A file lease provides a mechanism whereby the
process holding the lease (the "lease holder") is notified (via delivery of a signal) when a process (the "lease
breaker") tries to open(2) or truncate(2) the file referred to by that file descriptor.
F_SETLEASE (long)
Set or remove a file lease according to which of the following values is specified in the integer arg:
F_RDLCK
Take out a read lease. This will cause the calling process to be notified when the file is opened for
writing or is truncated. A read lease can only be placed on a file descriptor that is opened read-only.
F_WRLCK
Take out a write lease. This will cause the caller to be notified when the file is opened for reading or
writing or is truncated. A write lease may be placed on a file only if there are no other open file
descriptors for the file.
F_UNLCK
Remove our lease from the file.
Leases are associated with an open file description (see open(2)). This means that duplicate file descriptors (created
by, for example, fork(2) or dup(2)) refer to the same lease, and this lease may be modified or released using any of
these descriptors. Furthermore, the lease is released by either an explicit F_UNLCK operation on any of these duplicate
descriptors, or when all such descriptors have been closed.
Leases may only be taken out on regular files. An unprivileged process may only take out a lease on a file whose UID
(owner) matches the file system UID of the process. A process with the CAP_LEASE capability may take out leases on arbi-
trary files.
F_GETLEASE (void)
Indicates what type of lease is associated with the file descriptor fd by returning either F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, or
F_UNLCK, indicating, respectively, a read lease , a write lease, or no lease. arg is ignored.
When a process (the "lease breaker") performs an open(2) or truncate(2) that conflicts with a lease established via
F_SETLEASE, the system call is blocked by the kernel and the kernel notifies the lease holder by sending it a signal
(SIGIO by default). The lease holder should respond to receipt of this signal by doing whatever cleanup is required in
preparation for the file to be accessed by another process (e.g., flushing cached buffers) and then either remove or
downgrade its lease. A lease is removed by performing an F_SETLEASE command specifying arg as F_UNLCK. If the lease
holder currently holds a write lease on the file, and the lease breaker is opening the file for reading, then it is suf-
ficient for the lease holder to downgrade the lease to a read lease. This is done by performing an F_SETLEASE command
specifying arg as F_RDLCK.
If the lease holder fails to downgrade or remove the lease within the number of seconds specified in /proc/sys/fs/lease-
break-time then the kernel forcibly removes or downgrades the lease holder's lease.
Once the lease has been voluntarily or forcibly removed or downgraded, and assuming the lease breaker has not unblocked
its system call, the kernel permits the lease breaker's system call to proceed.
If the lease breaker's blocked open(2) or truncate(2) is interrupted by a signal handler, then the system call fails with
the error EINTR, but the other steps still occur as described above. If the lease breaker is killed by a signal while
blocked in open(2) or truncate(2), then the other steps still occur as described above. If the lease breaker specifies
the O_NONBLOCK flag when calling open(2), then the call immediately fails with the error EWOULDBLOCK, but the other steps
still occur as described above.
The default signal used to notify the lease holder is SIGIO, but this can be changed using the F_SETSIG command to
fcntl(). If a F_SETSIG command is performed (even one specifying SIGIO), and the signal handler is established using
SA_SIGINFO, then the handler will receive a siginfo_t structure as its second argument, and the si_fd field of this argu-
ment will hold the descriptor of the leased file that has been accessed by another process. (This is useful if the call-
er holds leases against multiple files).
File and directory change notification (dnotify)
F_NOTIFY (long)
(Linux 2.4 onwards) Provide notification when the directory referred to by fd or any of the files that it contains
is changed. The events to be notified are specified in arg, which is a bit mask specified by ORing together zero
or more of the following bits:
DN_ACCESS A file was accessed (read, pread, readv)
DN_MODIFY A file was modified (write, pwrite, writev, truncate, ftruncate).
DN_CREATE A file was created (open, creat, mknod, mkdir, link, symlink, rename).
DN_DELETE A file was unlinked (unlink, rename to another directory, rmdir).
DN_RENAME A file was renamed within this directory (rename).
DN_ATTRIB The attributes of a file were changed (chown, chmod, utime[s]).
(In order to obtain these definitions, the _GNU_SOURCE feature test macro must be defined.)
Directory notifications are normally "one-shot", and the application must reregister to receive further notifica-
tions. Alternatively, if DN_MULTISHOT is included in arg, then notification will remain in effect until explic-
itly removed.
A series of F_NOTIFY requests is cumulative, with the events in arg being added to the set already monitored. To
disable notification of all events, make an F_NOTIFY call specifying arg as 0.
Notification occurs via delivery of a signal. The default signal is SIGIO, but this can be changed using the
F_SETSIG command to fcntl(). In the latter case, the signal handler receives a siginfo_t structure as its second
argument (if the handler was established using SA_SIGINFO) and the si_fd field of this structure contains the file
descriptor which generated the notification (useful when establishing notification on multiple directories).
Especially when using DN_MULTISHOT, a real time signal should be used for notification, so that multiple notifica-
tions can be queued.
NOTE: New applications should use the inotify interface (available since kernel 2.6.13), which provides a much
superior interface for obtaining notifications of file system events. See inotify(7).
Changing the capacity of a pipe
F_SETPIPE_SZ (long; since Linux 2.6.35)
Change the capacity of the pipe referred to by fd to be at least arg bytes. An unprivileged process can adjust
the pipe capacity to any value between the system page size and the limit defined in /proc/sys/fs/pipe-size-max
(see proc(5)). Attempts to set the pipe capacity below the page size are silently rounded up to the page size.
Attempts by an unprivileged process to set the pipe capacity above the limit in /proc/sys/fs/pipe-size-max yield
the error EPERM; a privileged process (CAP_SYS_RESOURCE) can override the limit. When allocating the buffer for
the pipe, the kernel may use a capacity larger than arg, if that is convenient for the implementation. The F_GET-
PIPE_SZ operation returns the actual size used. Attempting to set the pipe capacity smaller than the amount of
buffer space currently used to store data produces the error EBUSY.
F_GETPIPE_SZ (void; since Linux 2.6.35)
Return (as the function result) the capacity of the pipe referred to by fd.
RETURN VALUE
For a successful call, the return value depends on the operation:
F_DUPFD The new descriptor.
F_GETFD Value of flags.
F_GETFL Value of flags.
F_GETLEASE
Type of lease held on file descriptor.
F_GETOWN Value of descriptor owner.
F_GETSIG Value of signal sent when read or write becomes possible, or zero for traditional SIGIO behavior.
F_GETPIPE_SZ
The pipe capacity.
All other commands
Zero.
On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
ERRORS
EACCES or EAGAIN
Operation is prohibited by locks held by other processes.
EAGAIN The operation is prohibited because the file has been memory-mapped by another process.
EBADF fd is not an open file descriptor, or the command was F_SETLK or F_SETLKW and the file descriptor open mode
doesn't match with the type of lock requested.
EDEADLK
It was detected that the specified F_SETLKW command would cause a deadlock.
EFAULT lock is outside your accessible address space.
EINTR For F_SETLKW, the command was interrupted by a signal; see signal(7). For F_GETLK and F_SETLK, the command was
interrupted by a signal before the lock was checked or acquired. Most likely when locking a remote file (e.g.,
locking over NFS), but can sometimes happen locally.
EINVAL For F_DUPFD, arg is negative or is greater than the maximum allowable value. For F_SETSIG, arg is not an allow-
able signal number.
EMFILE For F_DUPFD, the process already has the maximum number of file descriptors open.
ENOLCK Too many segment locks open, lock table is full, or a remote locking protocol failed (e.g., locking over NFS).
EPERM Attempted to clear the O_APPEND flag on a file that has the append-only attribute set.
CONFORMING TO
SVr4, 4.3BSD, POSIX.1-2001. Only the operations F_DUPFD, F_GETFD, F_SETFD, F_GETFL, F_SETFL, F_GETLK, F_SETLK, F_SETLKW,
F_GETOWN, and F_SETOWN are specified in POSIX.1-2001.
F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC is specified in POSIX.1-2008.
F_GETOWN_EX, F_SETOWN_EX, F_SETPIPE_SZ, F_GETPIPE_SZ, F_GETSIG, F_SETSIG, F_NOTIFY, F_GETLEASE, and F_SETLEASE are Linux-
specific. (Define the _GNU_SOURCE macro to obtain these definitions.)
NOTES
The errors returned by dup2(2) are different from those returned by F_DUPFD.
Since kernel 2.0, there is no interaction between the types of lock placed by flock(2) and fcntl().
Several systems have more fields in struct flock such as, for example, l_sysid. Clearly, l_pid alone is not going to be
very useful if the process holding the lock may live on a different machine.
BUGS
A limitation of the Linux system call conventions on some architectures (notably i386) means that if a (negative) process
group ID to be returned by F_GETOWN falls in the range -1 to -4095, then the return value is wrongly interpreted by glibc
as an error in the system call; that is, the return value of fcntl() will be -1, and errno will contain the (positive)
process group ID. The Linux-specific F_GETOWN_EX operation avoids this problem. Since glibc version 2.11, glibc makes
the kernel F_GETOWN problem invisible by implementing F_GETOWN using F_GETOWN_EX.
In Linux 2.4 and earlier, there is bug that can occur when an unprivileged process uses F_SETOWN to specify the owner of
a socket file descriptor as a process (group) other than the caller. In this case, fcntl() can return -1 with errno set
to EPERM, even when the owner process (group) is one that the caller has permission to send signals to. Despite this
error return, the file descriptor owner is set, and signals will be sent to the owner.
The implementation of mandatory locking in all known versions of Linux is subject to race conditions which render it
unreliable: a write(2) call that overlaps with a lock may modify data after the mandatory lock is acquired; a read(2)
call that overlaps with a lock may detect changes to data that were made only after a write lock was acquired. Similar
races exist between mandatory locks and mmap(2). It is therefore inadvisable to rely on mandatory locking.
SEE ALSO
dup2(2), flock(2), open(2), socket(2), lockf(3), capabilities(7), feature_test_macros(7)
See also locks.txt, mandatory-locking.txt, and dnotify.txt in the kernel source directory Documentation/filesystems/.
(On older kernels, these files are directly under the Documentation/ directory, and mandatory-locking.txt is called
mandatory.txt.)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 3.25 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about
reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2010-06-19 FCNTL(2)
