/* Void Main's man pages */
{ phpMan } else { main(); }
PATCH(1) PATCH(1)
NAME
patch - apply a diff file to an original
SYNOPSIS
patch [options] [originalfile [patchfile]]
but usually just
patch -pnum <patchfile
DESCRIPTION
patch takes a patch file patchfile containing a difference listing produced by the diff program and applies those differ-
ences to one or more original files, producing patched versions. Normally the patched versions are put in place of the
originals. Backups can be made; see the -b or --backup option. The names of the files to be patched are usually taken
from the patch file, but if there's just one file to be patched it can be specified on the command line as originalfile.
Upon startup, patch attempts to determine the type of the diff listing, unless overruled by a -c (--context), -e (--ed),
-n (--normal), or -u (--unified) option. Context diffs (old-style, new-style, and unified) and normal diffs are applied
by the patch program itself, while ed diffs are simply fed to the ed(1) editor via a pipe.
patch tries to skip any leading garbage, apply the diff, and then skip any trailing garbage. Thus you could feed an
article or message containing a diff listing to patch, and it should work. If the entire diff is indented by a consis-
tent amount, if lines end in CRLF, or if a diff is encapsulated one or more times by prepending "- " to lines starting
with "-" as specified by Internet RFC 934, this is taken into account. After removing indenting or encapsulation, lines
beginning with # are ignored, as they are considered to be comments.
With context diffs, and to a lesser extent with normal diffs, patch can detect when the line numbers mentioned in the
patch are incorrect, and attempts to find the correct place to apply each hunk of the patch. As a first guess, it takes
the line number mentioned for the hunk, plus or minus any offset used in applying the previous hunk. If that is not the
correct place, patch scans both forwards and backwards for a set of lines matching the context given in the hunk. First
patch looks for a place where all lines of the context match. If no such place is found, and it's a context diff, and
the maximum fuzz factor is set to 1 or more, then another scan takes place ignoring the first and last line of context.
If that fails, and the maximum fuzz factor is set to 2 or more, the first two and last two lines of context are ignored,
and another scan is made. (The default maximum fuzz factor is 2.)
Hunks with less prefix context than suffix context (after applying fuzz) must apply at the start of the file if their
first line number is 1. Hunks with more prefix context than suffix context (after applying fuzz) must apply at the end
of the file.
If patch cannot find a place to install that hunk of the patch, it puts the hunk out to a reject file, which normally is
the name of the output file plus a .rej suffix, or # if .rej would generate a file name that is too long (if even append-
ing the single character # makes the file name too long, then # replaces the file name's last character).
The rejected hunk comes out in unified or context diff format. If the input was a normal diff, many of the contexts are
simply null. The line numbers on the hunks in the reject file may be different than in the patch file: they reflect the
approximate location patch thinks the failed hunks belong in the new file rather than the old one.
As each hunk is completed, you are told if the hunk failed, and if so which line (in the new file) patch thought the hunk
should go on. If the hunk is installed at a different line from the line number specified in the diff, you are told the
offset. A single large offset may indicate that a hunk was installed in the wrong place. You are also told if a fuzz
factor was used to make the match, in which case you should also be slightly suspicious. If the --verbose option is
given, you are also told about hunks that match exactly.
If no original file origfile is specified on the command line, patch tries to figure out from the leading garbage what
the name of the file to edit is, using the following rules.
First, patch takes an ordered list of candidate file names as follows:
o If the header is that of a context diff, patch takes the old and new file names in the header. A name is ignored if
it does not have enough slashes to satisfy the -pnum or --strip=num option. The name /dev/null is also ignored.
o If there is an Index: line in the leading garbage and if either the old and new names are both absent or if patch is
conforming to POSIX, patch takes the name in the Index: line.
o For the purpose of the following rules, the candidate file names are considered to be in the order (old, new, index),
regardless of the order that they appear in the header.
Then patch selects a file name from the candidate list as follows:
o If some of the named files exist, patch selects the first name if conforming to POSIX, and the best name otherwise.
o If patch is not ignoring RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, and SCCS (see the -g num or --get=num option), and no named files
exist but an RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS master is found, patch selects the first named file with an RCS,
ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS master.
o If no named files exist, no RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS master was found, some names are given, patch is not
conforming to POSIX, and the patch appears to create a file, patch selects the best name requiring the creation of the
fewest directories.
o If no file name results from the above heuristics, you are asked for the name of the file to patch, and patch selects
that name.
To determine the best of a nonempty list of file names, patch first takes all the names with the fewest path name compo-
nents; of those, it then takes all the names with the shortest basename; of those, it then takes all the shortest names;
finally, it takes the first remaining name.
Additionally, if the leading garbage contains a Prereq: line, patch takes the first word from the prerequisites line
(normally a version number) and checks the original file to see if that word can be found. If not, patch asks for con-
firmation before proceeding.
The upshot of all this is that you should be able to say, while in a news interface, something like the following:
| patch -d /usr/src/local/blurfl
and patch a file in the blurfl directory directly from the article containing the patch.
If the patch file contains more than one patch, patch tries to apply each of them as if they came from separate patch
files. This means, among other things, that it is assumed that the name of the file to patch must be determined for each
diff listing, and that the garbage before each diff listing contains interesting things such as file names and revision
level, as mentioned previously.
OPTIONS
-b or --backup
Make backup files. That is, when patching a file, rename or copy the original instead of removing it. When backing
up a file that does not exist, an empty, unreadable backup file is created as a placeholder to represent the nonexis-
tent file. See the -V or --version-control option for details about how backup file names are determined.
--backup-if-mismatch
Back up a file if the patch does not match the file exactly and if backups are not otherwise requested. This is the
default unless patch is conforming to POSIX.
--no-backup-if-mismatch
Do not back up a file if the patch does not match the file exactly and if backups are not otherwise requested. This
is the default if patch is conforming to POSIX.
-B pref or --prefix=pref
Use the simple method to determine backup file names (see the -V method or --version-control method option), and
append pref to a file name when generating its backup file name. For example, with -B /junk/ the simple backup file
name for src/patch/util.c is /junk/src/patch/util.c.
--binary
Write all files in binary mode, except for standard output and /dev/tty. When reading, disable the heuristic for
transforming CRLF line endings into LF line endings. This option is needed on POSIX systems when applying patches
generated on non-POSIX systems to non-POSIX files. (On POSIX systems, file reads and writes never transform line end-
ings. On Windows, reads and writes do transform line endings by default, and patches should be generated by
diff --binary when line endings are significant.)
-c or --context
Interpret the patch file as a ordinary context diff.
-d dir or --directory=dir
Change to the directory dir immediately, before doing anything else.
-D define or --ifdef=define
Use the #ifdef ... #endif construct to mark changes, with define as the differentiating symbol.
--dry-run
Print the results of applying the patches without actually changing any files.
-e or --ed
Interpret the patch file as an ed script.
-E or --remove-empty-files
Remove output files that are empty after the patches have been applied. Normally this option is unnecessary, since
patch can examine the time stamps on the header to determine whether a file should exist after patching. However, if
the input is not a context diff or if patch is conforming to POSIX, patch does not remove empty patched files unless
this option is given. When patch removes a file, it also attempts to remove any empty ancestor directories.
-f or --force
Assume that the user knows exactly what he or she is doing, and do not ask any questions. Skip patches whose headers
do not say which file is to be patched; patch files even though they have the wrong version for the Prereq: line in
the patch; and assume that patches are not reversed even if they look like they are. This option does not suppress
commentary; use -s for that.
-F num or --fuzz=num
Set the maximum fuzz factor. This option only applies to diffs that have context, and causes patch to ignore up to
that many lines of context in looking for places to install a hunk. Note that a larger fuzz factor increases the odds
of a faulty patch. The default fuzz factor is 2. A fuzz factor greater than or equal to the number of lines of con-
text in the context diff, ordinarily 3, ignores all context.
-g num or --get=num
This option controls patch's actions when a file is under RCS or SCCS control, and does not exist or is read-only and
matches the default version, or when a file is under ClearCase or Perforce control and does not exist. If num is pos-
itive, patch gets (or checks out) the file from the revision control system; if zero, patch ignores RCS, ClearCase,
Perforce, and SCCS and does not get the file; and if negative, patch asks the user whether to get the file. The
default value of this option is given by the value of the PATCH_GET environment variable if it is set; if not, the
default value is zero.
--help
Print a summary of options and exit.
-i patchfile or --input=patchfile
Read the patch from patchfile. If patchfile is -, read from standard input, the default.
-l or --ignore-whitespace
Match patterns loosely, in case tabs or spaces have been munged in your files. Any sequence of one or more blanks in
the patch file matches any sequence in the original file, and sequences of blanks at the ends of lines are ignored.
Normal characters must still match exactly. Each line of the context must still match a line in the original file.
--merge or --merge=merge or --merge=diff3
Merge a patch file into the original files similar to diff3(1) or merge(1). If a conflict is found, patch outputs a
warning and brackets the conflict with <<<<<<< and >>>>>>> lines. A typical conflict will look like this:
<<<<<<<
lines from the original file
|||||||
original lines from the patch
=======
new lines from the patch
>>>>>>>
The optional argument of --merge determines the output format for conflicts: the diff3 format shows the ||||||| sec-
tion with the original lines from the patch; in the merge format, this section is missing. The merge format is the
default.
This option implies --forward and does not take the --fuzz=num option into account.
-n or --normal
Interpret the patch file as a normal diff.
-N or --forward
Ignore patches that seem to be reversed or already applied. See also -R.
-o outfile or --output=outfile
Send output to outfile instead of patching files in place. Do not use this option if outfile is one of the files to
be patched. When outfile is -, send output to standard output, and send any messages that would usually go to stan-
dard output to standard error.
-pnum or --strip=num
Strip the smallest prefix containing num leading slashes from each file name found in the patch file. A sequence of
one or more adjacent slashes is counted as a single slash. This controls how file names found in the patch file are
treated, in case you keep your files in a different directory than the person who sent out the patch. For example,
supposing the file name in the patch file was
/u/howard/src/blurfl/blurfl.c
setting -p0 gives the entire file name unmodified, -p1 gives
u/howard/src/blurfl/blurfl.c
without the leading slash, -p4 gives
blurfl/blurfl.c
and not specifying -p at all just gives you blurfl.c. Whatever you end up with is looked for either in the current
directory, or the directory specified by the -d option.
--posix
Conform more strictly to the POSIX standard, as follows.
o Take the first existing file from the list (old, new, index) when intuiting file names from diff headers.
o Do not remove files that are empty after patching.
o Do not ask whether to get files from RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS.
o Require that all options precede the files in the command line.
o Do not backup files when there is a mismatch.
--quoting-style=word
Use style word to quote output names. The word should be one of the following:
literal
Output names as-is.
shell Quote names for the shell if they contain shell metacharacters or would cause ambiguous output.
shell-always
Quote names for the shell, even if they would normally not require quoting.
c Quote names as for a C language string.
escape Quote as with c except omit the surrounding double-quote characters.
You can specify the default value of the --quoting-style option with the environment variable QUOTING_STYLE. If that
environment variable is not set, the default value is shell.
-r rejectfile or --reject-file=rejectfile
Put rejects into rejectfile instead of the default .rej file. When rejectfile is -, discard rejects.
-R or --reverse
Assume that this patch was created with the old and new files swapped. (Yes, I'm afraid that does happen occasion-
ally, human nature being what it is.) patch attempts to swap each hunk around before applying it. Rejects come out
in the swapped format. The -R option does not work with ed diff scripts because there is too little information to
reconstruct the reverse operation.
If the first hunk of a patch fails, patch reverses the hunk to see if it can be applied that way. If it can, you are
asked if you want to have the -R option set. If it can't, the patch continues to be applied normally. (Note: this
method cannot detect a reversed patch if it is a normal diff and if the first command is an append (i.e. it should
have been a delete) since appends always succeed, due to the fact that a null context matches anywhere. Luckily, most
patches add or change lines rather than delete them, so most reversed normal diffs begin with a delete, which fails,
triggering the heuristic.)
--reject-format=format
Produce reject files in the specified format (either context or unified). Without this option, rejected hunks come
out in unified diff format if the input patch was of that format, otherwise in ordinary context diff form.
-s or --silent or --quiet
Work silently, unless an error occurs.
-t or --batch
Suppress questions like -f, but make some different assumptions: skip patches whose headers do not contain file names
(the same as -f); skip patches for which the file has the wrong version for the Prereq: line in the patch; and assume
that patches are reversed if they look like they are.
-T or --set-time
Set the modification and access times of patched files from time stamps given in context diff headers, assuming that
the context diff headers use local time. This option is not recommended, because patches using local time cannot eas-
ily be used by people in other time zones, and because local time stamps are ambiguous when local clocks move back-
wards during daylight-saving time adjustments. Instead of using this option, generate patches with UTC and use the -Z
or --set-utc option instead.
-u or --unified
Interpret the patch file as a unified context diff.
-v or --version
Print out patch's revision header and patch level, and exit.
-V method or --version-control=method
Use method to determine backup file names. The method can also be given by the PATCH_VERSION_CONTROL (or, if that's
not set, the VERSION_CONTROL) environment variable, which is overridden by this option. The method does not affect
whether backup files are made; it affects only the names of any backup files that are made.
The value of method is like the GNU Emacs `version-control' variable; patch also recognizes synonyms that are more
descriptive. The valid values for method are (unique abbreviations are accepted):
existing or nil
Make numbered backups of files that already have them, otherwise simple backups. This is the default.
numbered or t
Make numbered backups. The numbered backup file name for F is F.~N~ where N is the version number.
simple or never
Make simple backups. The -B or --prefix, -Y or --basename-prefix, and -z or --suffix options specify the simple
backup file name. If none of these options are given, then a simple backup suffix is used; it is the value of the
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX environment variable if set, and is .orig otherwise.
With numbered or simple backups, if the backup file name is too long, the backup suffix ~ is used instead; if even
appending ~ would make the name too long, then ~ replaces the last character of the file name.
--verbose
Output extra information about the work being done.
-x num or --debug=num
Set internal debugging flags of interest only to patch patchers.
-Y pref or --basename-prefix=pref
Use the simple method to determine backup file names (see the -V method or --version-control method option), and pre-
fix pref to the basename of a file name when generating its backup file name. For example, with -Y .del/ the simple
backup file name for src/patch/util.c is src/patch/.del/util.c.
-z suffix or --suffix=suffix
Use the simple method to determine backup file names (see the -V method or --version-control method option), and use
suffix as the suffix. For example, with -z - the backup file name for src/patch/util.c is src/patch/util.c-.
-Z or --set-utc
Set the modification and access times of patched files from time stamps given in context diff headers, assuming that
the context diff headers use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC, often known as GMT). Also see the -T or --set-time
option.
The -Z or --set-utc and -T or --set-time options normally refrain from setting a file's time if the file's original
time does not match the time given in the patch header, or if its contents do not match the patch exactly. However,
if the -f or --force option is given, the file time is set regardless.
Due to the limitations of diff output format, these options cannot update the times of files whose contents have not
changed. Also, if you use these options, you should remove (e.g. with make clean) all files that depend on the
patched files, so that later invocations of make do not get confused by the patched files' times.
ENVIRONMENT
PATCH_GET
This specifies whether patch gets missing or read-only files from RCS, ClearCase, Perforce, or SCCS by default; see
the -g or --get option.
POSIXLY_CORRECT
If set, patch conforms more strictly to the POSIX standard by default: see the --posix option.
QUOTING_STYLE
Default value of the --quoting-style option.
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX
Extension to use for simple backup file names instead of .orig.
TMPDIR, TMP, TEMP
Directory to put temporary files in; patch uses the first environment variable in this list that is set. If none are
set, the default is system-dependent; it is normally /tmp on Unix hosts.
VERSION_CONTROL or PATCH_VERSION_CONTROL
Selects version control style; see the -v or --version-control option.
FILES
$TMPDIR/p*
temporary files
/dev/tty
controlling terminal; used to get answers to questions asked of the user
SEE ALSO
diff(1), ed(1), merge(1).
Marshall T. Rose and Einar A. Stefferud, Proposed Standard for Message Encapsulation, Internet RFC 934
<URL:ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc934.txt>; (1985-01).
NOTES FOR PATCH SENDERS
There are several things you should bear in mind if you are going to be sending out patches.
Create your patch systematically. A good method is the command diff -Naur old new where old and new identify the old and
new directories. The names old and new should not contain any slashes. The diff command's headers should have dates and
times in Universal Time using traditional Unix format, so that patch recipients can use the -Z or --set-utc option. Here
is an example command, using Bourne shell syntax:
LC_ALL=C TZ=UTC0 diff -Naur gcc-2.7 gcc-2.8
Tell your recipients how to apply the patch by telling them which directory to cd to, and which patch options to use.
The option string -Np1 is recommended. Test your procedure by pretending to be a recipient and applying your patch to a
copy of the original files.
You can save people a lot of grief by keeping a patchlevel.h file which is patched to increment the patch level as the
first diff in the patch file you send out. If you put a Prereq: line in with the patch, it won't let them apply patches
out of order without some warning.
You can create a file by sending out a diff that compares /dev/null or an empty file dated the Epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00
UTC) to the file you want to create. This only works if the file you want to create doesn't exist already in the target
directory. Conversely, you can remove a file by sending out a context diff that compares the file to be deleted with an
empty file dated the Epoch. The file will be removed unless patch is conforming to POSIX and the -E or
--remove-empty-files option is not given. An easy way to generate patches that create and remove files is to use GNU
diff's -N or --new-file option.
If the recipient is supposed to use the -pN option, do not send output that looks like this:
diff -Naur v2.0.29/prog/README prog/README
--- v2.0.29/prog/README Mon Mar 10 15:13:12 1997
+++ prog/README Mon Mar 17 14:58:22 1997
because the two file names have different numbers of slashes, and different versions of patch interpret the file names
differently. To avoid confusion, send output that looks like this instead:
diff -Naur v2.0.29/prog/README v2.0.30/prog/README
--- v2.0.29/prog/README Mon Mar 10 15:13:12 1997
+++ v2.0.30/prog/README Mon Mar 17 14:58:22 1997
Avoid sending patches that compare backup file names like README.orig, since this might confuse patch into patching a
backup file instead of the real file. Instead, send patches that compare the same base file names in different directo-
ries, e.g. old/README and new/README.
Take care not to send out reversed patches, since it makes people wonder whether they already applied the patch.
Try not to have your patch modify derived files (e.g. the file configure where there is a line configure: configure.in in
your makefile), since the recipient should be able to regenerate the derived files anyway. If you must send diffs of
derived files, generate the diffs using UTC, have the recipients apply the patch with the -Z or --set-utc option, and
have them remove any unpatched files that depend on patched files (e.g. with make clean).
While you may be able to get away with putting 582 diff listings into one file, it may be wiser to group related patches
into separate files in case something goes haywire.
DIAGNOSTICS
Diagnostics generally indicate that patch couldn't parse your patch file.
If the --verbose option is given, the message Hmm... indicates that there is unprocessed text in the patch file and that
patch is attempting to intuit whether there is a patch in that text and, if so, what kind of patch it is.
patch's exit status is 0 if all hunks are applied successfully, 1 if some hunks cannot be applied or there were merge
conflicts, and 2 if there is more serious trouble. When applying a set of patches in a loop it behooves you to check
this exit status so you don't apply a later patch to a partially patched file.
CAVEATS
Context diffs cannot reliably represent the creation or deletion of empty files, empty directories, or special files such
as symbolic links. Nor can they represent changes to file metadata like ownership, permissions, or whether one file is a
hard link to another. If changes like these are also required, separate instructions (e.g. a shell script) to accomplish
them should accompany the patch.
patch cannot tell if the line numbers are off in an ed script, and can detect bad line numbers in a normal diff only when
it finds a change or deletion. A context diff using fuzz factor 3 may have the same problem. You should probably do a
context diff in these cases to see if the changes made sense. Of course, compiling without errors is a pretty good indi-
cation that the patch worked, but not always.
patch usually produces the correct results, even when it has to do a lot of guessing. However, the results are guaran-
teed to be correct only when the patch is applied to exactly the same version of the file that the patch was generated
from.
COMPATIBILITY ISSUES
The POSIX standard specifies behavior that differs from patch's traditional behavior. You should be aware of these dif-
ferences if you must interoperate with patch versions 2.1 and earlier, which do not conform to POSIX.
o In traditional patch, the -p option's operand was optional, and a bare -p was equivalent to -p0. The -p option now
requires an operand, and -p 0 is now equivalent to -p0. For maximum compatibility, use options like -p0 and -p1.
Also, traditional patch simply counted slashes when stripping path prefixes; patch now counts pathname components.
That is, a sequence of one or more adjacent slashes now counts as a single slash. For maximum portability, avoid
sending patches containing // in file names.
o In traditional patch, backups were enabled by default. This behavior is now enabled with the -b or --backup option.
Conversely, in POSIX patch, backups are never made, even when there is a mismatch. In GNU patch, this behavior is
enabled with the --no-backup-if-mismatch option, or by conforming to POSIX with the --posix option or by setting the
POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable.
The -b suffix option of traditional patch is equivalent to the -b -z suffix options of GNU patch.
o Traditional patch used a complicated (and incompletely documented) method to intuit the name of the file to be patched
from the patch header. This method did not conform to POSIX, and had a few gotchas. Now patch uses a different,
equally complicated (but better documented) method that is optionally POSIX-conforming; we hope it has fewer gotchas.
The two methods are compatible if the file names in the context diff header and the Index: line are all identical
after prefix-stripping. Your patch is normally compatible if each header's file names all contain the same number of
slashes.
o When traditional patch asked the user a question, it sent the question to standard error and looked for an answer from
the first file in the following list that was a terminal: standard error, standard output, /dev/tty, and standard
input. Now patch sends questions to standard output and gets answers from /dev/tty. Defaults for some answers have
been changed so that patch never goes into an infinite loop when using default answers.
o Traditional patch exited with a status value that counted the number of bad hunks, or with status 1 if there was real
trouble. Now patch exits with status 1 if some hunks failed, or with 2 if there was real trouble.
o Limit yourself to the following options when sending instructions meant to be executed by anyone running GNU patch,
traditional patch, or a patch that conforms to POSIX. Spaces are significant in the following list, and operands are
required.
-c
-d dir
-D define
-e
-l
-n
-N
-o outfile
-pnum
-R
-r rejectfile
BUGS
Please report bugs via email to <bug-patchATgnu.org>.
If code has been duplicated (for instance with #ifdef OLDCODE ... #else ... #endif), patch is incapable of patching both
versions, and, if it works at all, will likely patch the wrong one, and tell you that it succeeded to boot.
If you apply a patch you've already applied, patch thinks it is a reversed patch, and offers to un-apply the patch. This
could be construed as a feature.
Computing how to merge a hunk is significantly harder than using the standard fuzzy algorithm. Bigger hunks, more con-
text, a bigger offset from the original location, and a worse match all slow the algorithm down.
COPYING
Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988 Larry Wall.
Copyright (C) 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this per-
mission notice are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying,
provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this
one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above condi-
tions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the copyright
holders instead of in the original English.
AUTHORS
Larry Wall wrote the original version of patch. Paul Eggert removed patch's arbitrary limits; added support for binary
files, setting file times, and deleting files; and made it conform better to POSIX. Other contributors include Wayne
Davison, who added unidiff support, and David MacKenzie, who added configuration and backup support. Andreas Grunbacher
added support for merging.
GNU PATCH(1)
