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PRINTF(3) Linux Programmer's Manual PRINTF(3)
NAME
printf, fprintf, sprintf, snprintf, vprintf, vfprintf, vsprintf, vsnprintf - formatted output conversion
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
int printf(const char *format, ...);
int fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, ...);
int sprintf(char *str, const char *format, ...);
int snprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, ...);
#include <stdarg.h>
int vprintf(const char *format, va_list ap);
int vfprintf(FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list ap);
int vsprintf(char *str, const char *format, va_list ap);
int vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list ap);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
snprintf(), vsnprintf(): _BSD_SOURCE || _XOPEN_SOURCE >= 500 || _ISOC99_SOURCE; or cc -std=c99
DESCRIPTION
The functions in the printf() family produce output according to a format as described below. The functions printf() and
vprintf() write output to stdout, the standard output stream; fprintf() and vfprintf() write output to the given output
stream; sprintf(), snprintf(), vsprintf() and vsnprintf() write to the character string str.
The functions snprintf() and vsnprintf() write at most size bytes (including the trailing null byte ('\0')) to str.
The trailing null byte won't be added to str, if the string is truncated. The functions vprintf(), vfprintf(),
vsprintf(), vsnprintf() are equivalent to the functions printf(), fprintf(), sprintf(), snprintf(), respectively, except
that they are called with a va_list instead of a variable number of arguments. These functions do not call the va_end
macro. Because they invoke the va_arg macro, the value of ap is undefined after the call. See stdarg(3).
These eight functions write the output under the control of a format string that specifies how subsequent arguments (or
arguments accessed via the variable-length argument facilities of stdarg(3)) are converted for output.
C99 and POSIX.1-2001 specify that the results are undefined if a call to sprintf(), snprintf(), vsprintf(), or
vsnprintf() would cause copying to take place between objects that overlap (e.g., if the target string array and one of
the supplied input arguments refer to the same buffer). See NOTES.
Return value
Upon successful return, these functions return the number of characters printed (not including the trailing '\0' used to
end output to strings).
The functions snprintf() and vsnprintf() do not write more than size bytes (including the trailing '\0'). If the output
was truncated due to this limit then the return value is the number of characters (not including the trailing '\0') which
would have been written to the final string if enough space had been available. Thus, a return value of size or more
means that the output was truncated. (See also below under NOTES.)
If an output error is encountered, a negative value is returned.
Format of the format string
The format string is a character string, beginning and ending in its initial shift state, if any. The format string is
composed of zero or more directives: ordinary characters (not %), which are copied unchanged to the output stream; and
conversion specifications, each of which results in fetching zero or more subsequent arguments. Each conversion specifi-
cation is introduced by the character %, and ends with a conversion specifier. In between there may be (in this order)
zero or more flags, an optional minimum field width, an optional precision and an optional length modifier.
The arguments must correspond properly (after type promotion) with the conversion specifier. By default, the arguments
are used in the order given, where each '*' and each conversion specifier asks for the next argument (and it is an error
if insufficiently many arguments are given). One can also specify explicitly which argument is taken, at each place
where an argument is required, by writing "%m$" instead of '%' and "*m$" instead of '*', where the decimal integer m
denotes the position in the argument list of the desired argument, indexed starting from 1. Thus,
printf("%*d", width, num);
and
printf("%2$*1$d", width, num);
are equivalent. The second style allows repeated references to the same argument. The C99 standard does not include the
style using '$', which comes from the Single Unix Specification. If the style using '$' is used, it must be used
throughout for all conversions taking an argument and all width and precision arguments, but it may be mixed with "%%"
formats which do not consume an argument. There may be no gaps in the numbers of arguments specified using '$'; for
example, if arguments 1 and 3 are specified, argument 2 must also be specified somewhere in the format string.
For some numeric conversions a radix character ("decimal point") or thousands' grouping character is used. The actual
character used depends on the LC_NUMERIC part of the locale. The POSIX locale uses '.' as radix character, and does not
have a grouping character. Thus,
printf("%'.2f", 1234567.89);
results in "1234567.89" in the POSIX locale, in "1234567,89" in the nl_NL locale, and in "1.234.567,89" in the da_DK
locale.
The flag characters
The character % is followed by zero or more of the following flags:
# The value should be converted to an "alternate form". For o conversions, the first character of the output string
is made zero (by prefixing a 0 if it was not zero already). For x and X conversions, a nonzero result has the
string "0x" (or "0X" for X conversions) prepended to it. For a, A, e, E, f, F, g, and G conversions, the result
will always contain a decimal point, even if no digits follow it (normally, a decimal point appears in the results
of those conversions only if a digit follows). For g and G conversions, trailing zeros are not removed from the
result as they would otherwise be. For other conversions, the result is undefined.
0 The value should be zero padded. For d, i, o, u, x, X, a, A, e, E, f, F, g, and G conversions, the converted
value is padded on the left with zeros rather than blanks. If the 0 and - flags both appear, the 0 flag is
ignored. If a precision is given with a numeric conversion (d, i, o, u, x, and X), the 0 flag is ignored. For
other conversions, the behavior is undefined.
- The converted value is to be left adjusted on the field boundary. (The default is right justification.) Except
for n conversions, the converted value is padded on the right with blanks, rather than on the left with blanks or
zeros. A - overrides a 0 if both are given.
' ' (a space) A blank should be left before a positive number (or empty string) produced by a signed conversion.
+ A sign (+ or -) should always be placed before a number produced by a signed conversion. By default a sign is
used only for negative numbers. A + overrides a space if both are used.
The five flag characters above are defined in the C standard. The SUSv2 specifies one further flag character.
' For decimal conversion (i, d, u, f, F, g, G) the output is to be grouped with thousands' grouping characters if
the locale information indicates any. Note that many versions of gcc(1) cannot parse this option and will issue a
warning. SUSv2 does not include %'F.
glibc 2.2 adds one further flag character.
I For decimal integer conversion (i, d, u) the output uses the locale's alternative output digits, if any. For
example, since glibc 2.2.3 this will give Arabic-Indic digits in the Persian ("fa_IR") locale.
The field width
An optional decimal digit string (with nonzero first digit) specifying a minimum field width. If the converted value has
fewer characters than the field width, it will be padded with spaces on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment flag
has been given). Instead of a decimal digit string one may write "*" or "*m$" (for some decimal integer m) to specify
that the field width is given in the next argument, or in the m-th argument, respectively, which must be of type int. A
negative field width is taken as a '-' flag followed by a positive field width. In no case does a nonexistent or small
field width cause truncation of a field; if the result of a conversion is wider than the field width, the field is
expanded to contain the conversion result.
The precision
An optional precision, in the form of a period ('.') followed by an optional decimal digit string. Instead of a decimal
digit string one may write "*" or "*m$" (for some decimal integer m) to specify that the precision is given in the next
argument, or in the m-th argument, respectively, which must be of type int. If the precision is given as just '.', or
the precision is negative, the precision is taken to be zero. This gives the minimum number of digits to appear for d,
i, o, u, x, and X conversions, the number of digits to appear after the radix character for a, A, e, E, f, and F conver-
sions, the maximum number of significant digits for g and G conversions, or the maximum number of characters to be
printed from a string for s and S conversions.
The length modifier
Here, "integer conversion" stands for d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion.
hh A following integer conversion corresponds to a signed char or unsigned char argument, or a following n conversion
corresponds to a pointer to a signed char argument.
h A following integer conversion corresponds to a short int or unsigned short int argument, or a following n conver-
sion corresponds to a pointer to a short int argument.
l (ell) A following integer conversion corresponds to a long int or unsigned long int argument, or a following n
conversion corresponds to a pointer to a long int argument, or a following c conversion corresponds to a wint_t
argument, or a following s conversion corresponds to a pointer to wchar_t argument.
ll (ell-ell). A following integer conversion corresponds to a long long int or unsigned long long int argument, or a
following n conversion corresponds to a pointer to a long long int argument.
L A following a, A, e, E, f, F, g, or G conversion corresponds to a long double argument. (C99 allows %LF, but
SUSv2 does not.)
q ("quad". 4.4BSD and Linux libc5 only. Don't use.) This is a synonym for ll.
j A following integer conversion corresponds to an intmax_t or uintmax_t argument.
z A following integer conversion corresponds to a size_t or ssize_t argument. (Linux libc5 has Z with this meaning.
Don't use it.)
t A following integer conversion corresponds to a ptrdiff_t argument.
The SUSv2 only knows about the length modifiers h (in hd, hi, ho, hx, hX, hn) and l (in ld, li, lo, lx, lX, ln, lc, ls)
and L (in Le, LE, Lf, Lg, LG).
The conversion specifier
A character that specifies the type of conversion to be applied. The conversion specifiers and their meanings are:
d, i The int argument is converted to signed decimal notation. The precision, if any, gives the minimum number of dig-
its that must appear; if the converted value requires fewer digits, it is padded on the left with zeros. The
default precision is 1. When 0 is printed with an explicit precision 0, the output is empty.
o, u, x, X
The unsigned int argument is converted to unsigned octal (o), unsigned decimal (u), or unsigned hexadecimal (x and
X) notation. The letters abcdef are used for x conversions; the letters ABCDEF are used for X conversions. The
precision, if any, gives the minimum number of digits that must appear; if the converted value requires fewer dig-
its, it is padded on the left with zeros. The default precision is 1. When 0 is printed with an explicit preci-
sion 0, the output is empty.
e, E The double argument is rounded and converted in the style [-]d.ddde+-dd where there is one digit before the deci-
mal-point character and the number of digits after it is equal to the precision; if the precision is missing, it
is taken as 6; if the precision is zero, no decimal-point character appears. An E conversion uses the letter E
(rather than e) to introduce the exponent. The exponent always contains at least two digits; if the value is
zero, the exponent is 00.
f, F The double argument is rounded and converted to decimal notation in the style [-]ddd.ddd, where the number of dig-
its after the decimal-point character is equal to the precision specification. If the precision is missing, it is
taken as 6; if the precision is explicitly zero, no decimal-point character appears. If a decimal point appears,
at least one digit appears before it.
(The SUSv2 does not know about F and says that character string representations for infinity and NaN may be made
available. The C99 standard specifies "[-]inf" or "[-]infinity" for infinity, and a string starting with "nan"
for NaN, in the case of f conversion, and "[-]INF" or "[-]INFINITY" or "NAN*" in the case of F conversion.)
g, G The double argument is converted in style f or e (or F or E for G conversions). The precision specifies the num-
ber of significant digits. If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision is zero, it is
treated as 1. Style e is used if the exponent from its conversion is less than -4 or greater than or equal to the
precision. Trailing zeros are removed from the fractional part of the result; a decimal point appears only if it
is followed by at least one digit.
a, A (C99; not in SUSv2) For a conversion, the double argument is converted to hexadecimal notation (using the letters
abcdef) in the style [-]0xh.hhhhp+-d; for A conversion the prefix 0X, the letters ABCDEF, and the exponent separa-
tor P is used. There is one hexadecimal digit before the decimal point, and the number of digits after it is
equal to the precision. The default precision suffices for an exact representation of the value if an exact rep-
resentation in base 2 exists and otherwise is sufficiently large to distinguish values of type double. The digit
before the decimal point is unspecified for nonnormalized numbers, and nonzero but otherwise unspecified for nor-
malized numbers.
c If no l modifier is present, the int argument is converted to an unsigned char, and the resulting character is
written. If an l modifier is present, the wint_t (wide character) argument is converted to a multibyte sequence
by a call to the wcrtomb(3) function, with a conversion state starting in the initial state, and the resulting
multibyte string is written.
s If no l modifier is present: The const char * argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of character type
(pointer to a string). Characters from the array are written up to (but not including) a terminating null byte
('\0'); if a precision is specified, no more than the number specified are written. If a precision is given, no
null byte need be present; if the precision is not specified, or is greater than the size of the array, the array
must contain a terminating null byte.
If an l modifier is present: The const wchar_t * argument is expected to be a pointer to an array of wide charac-
ters. Wide characters from the array are converted to multibyte characters (each by a call to the wcrtomb(3)
function, with a conversion state starting in the initial state before the first wide character), up to and
including a terminating null wide character. The resulting multibyte characters are written up to (but not
including) the terminating null byte. If a precision is specified, no more bytes than the number specified are
written, but no partial multibyte characters are written. Note that the precision determines the number of bytes
written, not the number of wide characters or screen positions. The array must contain a terminating null wide
character, unless a precision is given and it is so small that the number of bytes written exceeds it before the
end of the array is reached.
C (Not in C99, but in SUSv2.) Synonym for lc. Don't use.
S (Not in C99, but in SUSv2.) Synonym for ls. Don't use.
p The void * pointer argument is printed in hexadecimal (as if by %#x or %#lx).
n The number of characters written so far is stored into the integer indicated by the int * (or variant) pointer
argument. No argument is converted.
m (Glibc extension.) Print output of strerror(errno). No argument is required.
% A '%' is written. No argument is converted. The complete conversion specification is '%%'.
CONFORMING TO
The fprintf(), printf(), sprintf(), vprintf(), vfprintf(), and vsprintf() functions conform to C89 and C99. The
snprintf() and vsnprintf() functions conform to C99.
Concerning the return value of snprintf(), SUSv2 and C99 contradict each other: when snprintf() is called with size=0
then SUSv2 stipulates an unspecified return value less than 1, while C99 allows str to be NULL in this case, and gives
the return value (as always) as the number of characters that would have been written in case the output string has been
large enough.
Linux libc4 knows about the five C standard flags. It knows about the length modifiers h, l, L, and the conversions c,
d, e, E, f, F, g, G, i, n, o, p, s, u, x, and X, where F is a synonym for f. Additionally, it accepts D, O, and U as
synonyms for ld, lo, and lu. (This is bad, and caused serious bugs later, when support for %D disappeared.) No locale-
dependent radix character, no thousands' separator, no NaN or infinity, no "%m$" and "*m$".
Linux libc5 knows about the five C standard flags and the ' flag, locale, "%m$" and "*m$". It knows about the length
modifiers h, l, L, Z, and q, but accepts L and q both for long double and for long long int (this is a bug). It no
longer recognizes F, D, O, and U, but adds the conversion character m, which outputs strerror(errno).
glibc 2.0 adds conversion characters C and S.
glibc 2.1 adds length modifiers hh, j, t, and z and conversion characters a and A.
glibc 2.2 adds the conversion character F with C99 semantics, and the flag character I.
NOTES
Some programs imprudently rely on code such as the following
sprintf(buf, "%s some further text", buf);
to append text to buf. However, the standards explicitly note that the results are undefined if source and destination
buffers overlap when calling sprintf(), snprintf(), vsprintf(), and vsnprintf(). Depending on the version of gcc(1)
used, and the compiler options employed, calls such as the above will not produce the expected results.
The glibc implementation of the functions snprintf() and vsnprintf() conforms to the C99 standard, that is, behaves as
described above, since glibc version 2.1. Until glibc 2.0.6 they would return -1 when the output was truncated.
BUGS
Because sprintf() and vsprintf() assume an arbitrarily long string, callers must be careful not to overflow the actual
space; this is often impossible to assure. Note that the length of the strings produced is locale-dependent and diffi-
cult to predict. Use snprintf() and vsnprintf() instead (or asprintf(3) and vasprintf(3)).
Linux libc4.[45] does not have a snprintf(), but provides a libbsd that contains an snprintf() equivalent to sprintf(),
that is, one that ignores the size argument. Thus, the use of snprintf() with early libc4 leads to serious security
problems.
Code such as printf(foo); often indicates a bug, since foo may contain a % character. If foo comes from untrusted user
input, it may contain %n, causing the printf() call to write to memory and creating a security hole.
EXAMPLE
To print pi to five decimal places:
#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, "pi = %.5f\n", 4 * atan(1.0));
To print a date and time in the form "Sunday, July 3, 10:02", where weekday and month are pointers to strings:
#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, "%s, %s %d, %.2d:%.2d\n",
weekday, month, day, hour, min);
Many countries use the day-month-year order. Hence, an internationalized version must be able to print the arguments in
an order specified by the format:
#include <stdio.h>
fprintf(stdout, format,
weekday, month, day, hour, min);
where format depends on locale, and may permute the arguments. With the value:
"%1$s, %3$d. %2$s, %4$d:%5$.2d\n"
one might obtain "Sonntag, 3. Juli, 10:02".
To allocate a sufficiently large string and print into it (code correct for both glibc 2.0 and glibc 2.1):
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
char *
make_message(const char *fmt, ...)
{
/* Guess we need no more than 100 bytes. */
int n, size = 100;
char *p, *np;
va_list ap;
if ((p = malloc(size)) == NULL)
return NULL;
while (1) {
/* Try to print in the allocated space. */
va_start(ap, fmt);
n = vsnprintf(p, size, fmt, ap);
va_end(ap);
/* If that worked, return the string. */
if (n > -1 && n < size)
return p;
/* Else try again with more space. */
if (n > -1) /* glibc 2.1 */
size = n+1; /* precisely what is needed */
else /* glibc 2.0 */
size *= 2; /* twice the old size */
if ((np = realloc (p, size)) == NULL) {
free(p);
return NULL;
} else {
p = np;
}
}
}
SEE ALSO
printf(1), asprintf(3), dprintf(3), scanf(3), setlocale(3), wcrtomb(3), wprintf(3), locale(5)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 3.25 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about
reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
GNU 2008-12-19 PRINTF(3)
