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URI(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation URI(3)
NAME
URI - Uniform Resource Identifiers (absolute and relative)
SYNOPSIS
$u1 = URI->new("http://www.perl.com");
$u2 = URI->new("foo", "http");
$u3 = $u2->abs($u1);
$u4 = $u3->clone;
$u5 = URI->new("HTTP://WWW.perl.com:80")->canonical;
$str = $u->as_string;
$str = "$u";
$scheme = $u->scheme;
$opaque = $u->opaque;
$path = $u->path;
$frag = $u->fragment;
$u->scheme("ftp");
$u->host("ftp.perl.com");
$u->path("cpan/");
DESCRIPTION
This module implements the "URI" class. Objects of this class represent "Uniform Resource Identifier references" as
specified in RFC 2396 (and updated by RFC 2732).
A Uniform Resource Identifier is a compact string of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. A
Uniform Resource Identifier can be further classified as either a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or a Uniform Resource
Name (URN). The distinction between URL and URN does not matter to the "URI" class interface. A "URI-reference" is a URI
that may have additional information attached in the form of a fragment identifier.
An absolute URI reference consists of three parts: a scheme, a scheme-specific part and a fragment identifier. A subset
of URI references share a common syntax for hierarchical namespaces. For these, the scheme-specific part is further
broken down into authority, path and query components. These URIs can also take the form of relative URI references,
where the scheme (and usually also the authority) component is missing, but implied by the context of the URI reference.
The three forms of URI reference syntax are summarized as follows:
<scheme>:<scheme-specific-part>#<fragment>
<scheme>://<authority><path>?<query>#<fragment>
<path>?<query>#<fragment>
The components into which a URI reference can be divided depend on the scheme. The "URI" class provides methods to get
and set the individual components. The methods available for a specific "URI" object depend on the scheme.
CONSTRUCTORS
The following methods construct new "URI" objects:
$uri = URI->new( $str )
$uri = URI->new( $str, $scheme )
Constructs a new URI object. The string representation of a URI is given as argument, together with an optional
scheme specification. Common URI wrappers like "" and <>, as well as leading and trailing white space, are
automatically removed from the $str argument before it is processed further.
The constructor determines the scheme, maps this to an appropriate URI subclass, constructs a new object of that
class and returns it.
The $scheme argument is only used when $str is a relative URI. It can be either a simple string that denotes the
scheme, a string containing an absolute URI reference, or an absolute "URI" object. If no $scheme is specified for a
relative URI $str, then $str is simply treated as a generic URI (no scheme-specific methods available).
The set of characters available for building URI references is restricted (see URI::Escape). Characters outside this
set are automatically escaped by the URI constructor.
$uri = URI->new_abs( $str, $base_uri )
Constructs a new absolute URI object. The $str argument can denote a relative or absolute URI. If relative, then it
is absolutized using $base_uri as base. The $base_uri must be an absolute URI.
$uri = URI::file->new( $filename )
$uri = URI::file->new( $filename, $os )
Constructs a new file URI from a file name. See URI::file.
$uri = URI::file->new_abs( $filename )
$uri = URI::file->new_abs( $filename, $os )
Constructs a new absolute file URI from a file name. See URI::file.
$uri = URI::file->cwd
Returns the current working directory as a file URI. See URI::file.
$uri->clone
Returns a copy of the $uri.
COMMON METHODS
The methods described in this section are available for all "URI" objects.
Methods that give access to components of a URI always return the old value of the component. The value returned is
"undef" if the component was not present. There is generally a difference between a component that is empty (represented
as "") and a component that is missing (represented as "undef"). If an accessor method is given an argument, it updates
the corresponding component in addition to returning the old value of the component. Passing an undefined argument
removes the component (if possible). The description of each accessor method indicates whether the component is passed
as an escaped or an unescaped string. A component that can be further divided into sub-parts are usually passed escaped,
as unescaping might change its semantics.
The common methods available for all URI are:
$uri->scheme
$uri->scheme( $new_scheme )
Sets and returns the scheme part of the $uri. If the $uri is relative, then $uri->scheme returns "undef". If called
with an argument, it updates the scheme of $uri, possibly changing the class of $uri, and returns the old scheme
value. The method croaks if the new scheme name is illegal; a scheme name must begin with a letter and must consist
of only US-ASCII letters, numbers, and a few special marks: ".", "+", "-". This restriction effectively means that
the scheme must be passed unescaped. Passing an undefined argument to the scheme method makes the URI relative (if
possible).
Letter case does not matter for scheme names. The string returned by $uri->scheme is always lowercase. If you want
the scheme just as it was written in the URI in its original case, you can use the $uri->_scheme method instead.
$uri->opaque
$uri->opaque( $new_opaque )
Sets and returns the scheme-specific part of the $uri (everything between the scheme and the fragment) as an escaped
string.
$uri->path
$uri->path( $new_path )
Sets and returns the same value as $uri->opaque unless the URI supports the generic syntax for hierarchical
namespaces. In that case the generic method is overridden to set and return the part of the URI between the host
name and the fragment.
$uri->fragment
$uri->fragment( $new_frag )
Returns the fragment identifier of a URI reference as an escaped string.
$uri->as_string
Returns a URI object to a plain ASCII string. URI objects are also converted to plain strings automatically by
overloading. This means that $uri objects can be used as plain strings in most Perl constructs.
$uri->as_iri
Returns a Unicode string representing the URI. Escaped UTF-8 sequences representing non-ASCII characters are turned
into their corresponding Unicode code point.
$uri->canonical
Returns a normalized version of the URI. The rules for normalization are scheme-dependent. They usually involve
lowercasing the scheme and Internet host name components, removing the explicit port specification if it matches the
default port, uppercasing all escape sequences, and unescaping octets that can be better represented as plain
characters.
For efficiency reasons, if the $uri is already in normalized form, then a reference to it is returned instead of a
copy.
$uri->eq( $other_uri )
URI::eq( $first_uri, $other_uri )
Tests whether two URI references are equal. URI references that normalize to the same string are considered equal.
The method can also be used as a plain function which can also test two string arguments.
If you need to test whether two "URI" object references denote the same object, use the '==' operator.
$uri->abs( $base_uri )
Returns an absolute URI reference. If $uri is already absolute, then a reference to it is simply returned. If the
$uri is relative, then a new absolute URI is constructed by combining the $uri and the $base_uri, and returned.
$uri->rel( $base_uri )
Returns a relative URI reference if it is possible to make one that denotes the same resource relative to $base_uri.
If not, then $uri is simply returned.
$uri->secure
Returns a TRUE value if the URI is considered to point to a resource on a secure channel, such as an SSL or TLS
encrypted one.
GENERIC METHODS
The following methods are available to schemes that use the common/generic syntax for hierarchical namespaces. The
descriptions of schemes below indicate which these are. Unknown schemes are assumed to support the generic syntax, and
therefore the following methods:
$uri->authority
$uri->authority( $new_authority )
Sets and returns the escaped authority component of the $uri.
$uri->path
$uri->path( $new_path )
Sets and returns the escaped path component of the $uri (the part between the host name and the query or fragment).
The path can never be undefined, but it can be the empty string.
$uri->path_query
$uri->path_query( $new_path_query )
Sets and returns the escaped path and query components as a single entity. The path and the query are separated by a
"?" character, but the query can itself contain "?".
$uri->path_segments
$uri->path_segments( $segment, ... )
Sets and returns the path. In a scalar context, it returns the same value as $uri->path. In a list context, it
returns the unescaped path segments that make up the path. Path segments that have parameters are returned as an
anonymous array. The first element is the unescaped path segment proper; subsequent elements are escaped parameter
strings. Such an anonymous array uses overloading so it can be treated as a string too, but this string does not
include the parameters.
Note that absolute paths have the empty string as their first path_segment, i.e. the path "/foo/bar" have 3
path_segments; "", "foo" and "bar".
$uri->query
$uri->query( $new_query )
Sets and returns the escaped query component of the $uri.
$uri->query_form
$uri->query_form( $key1 => $val1, $key2 => $val2, ... )
$uri->query_form( $key1 => $val1, $key2 => $val2, ..., $delim )
$uri->query_form( \@key_value_pairs )
$uri->query_form( \@key_value_pairs, $delim )
$uri->query_form( \%hash )
$uri->query_form( \%hash, $delim )
Sets and returns query components that use the application/x-www-form-urlencoded format. Key/value pairs are
separated by "&", and the key is separated from the value by a "=" character.
The form can be set either by passing separate key/value pairs, or via an array or hash reference. Passing an empty
array or an empty hash removes the query component, whereas passing no arguments at all leaves the component
unchanged. The order of keys is undefined if a hash reference is passed. The old value is always returned as a list
of separate key/value pairs. Assigning this list to a hash is unwise as the keys returned might repeat.
The values passed when setting the form can be plain strings or references to arrays of strings. Passing an array of
values has the same effect as passing the key repeatedly with one value at a time. All the following statements have
the same effect:
$uri->query_form(foo => 1, foo => 2);
$uri->query_form(foo => [1, 2]);
$uri->query_form([ foo => 1, foo => 2 ]);
$uri->query_form([ foo => [1, 2] ]);
$uri->query_form({ foo => [1, 2] });
The $delim parameter can be passed as ";" to force the key/value pairs to be delimited by ";" instead of "&" in the
query string. This practice is often recommended for URLs embedded in HTML or XML documents as this avoids the
trouble of escaping the "&" character. You might also set the $URI::DEFAULT_QUERY_FORM_DELIMITER variable to ";" for
the same global effect.
The "URI::QueryParam" module can be loaded to add further methods to manipulate the form of a URI. See
URI::QueryParam for details.
$uri->query_keywords
$uri->query_keywords( $keywords, ... )
$uri->query_keywords( \@keywords )
Sets and returns query components that use the keywords separated by "+" format.
The keywords can be set either by passing separate keywords directly or by passing a reference to an array of
keywords. Passing an empty array removes the query component, whereas passing no arguments at all leaves the
component unchanged. The old value is always returned as a list of separate words.
SERVER METHODS
For schemes where the authority component denotes an Internet host, the following methods are available in addition to
the generic methods.
$uri->userinfo
$uri->userinfo( $new_userinfo )
Sets and returns the escaped userinfo part of the authority component.
For some schemes this is a user name and a password separated by a colon. This practice is not recommended.
Embedding passwords in clear text (such as URI) has proven to be a security risk in almost every case where it has
been used.
$uri->host
$uri->host( $new_host )
Sets and returns the unescaped hostname.
If the $new_host string ends with a colon and a number, then this number also sets the port.
For IPv6 addresses the brackets around the raw address is removed in the return value from $uri->host. When setting
the host attribute to an IPv6 address you can use a raw address or one enclosed in brackets. The address needs to be
enclosed in brackets if you want to pass in a new port value as well.
$uri->ihost
Returns the host in Unicode form. Any IDNA A-labels are turned into U-labels.
$uri->port
$uri->port( $new_port )
Sets and returns the port. The port is a simple integer that should be greater than 0.
If a port is not specified explicitly in the URI, then the URI scheme's default port is returned. If you don't want
the default port substituted, then you can use the $uri->_port method instead.
$uri->host_port
$uri->host_port( $new_host_port )
Sets and returns the host and port as a single unit. The returned value includes a port, even if it matches the
default port. The host part and the port part are separated by a colon: ":".
For IPv6 addresses the bracketing is preserved; thus URI->new("http://[::1]/")->host_port returns "[::1]:80".
Contrast this with $uri->host which will remove the brackets.
$uri->default_port
Returns the default port of the URI scheme to which $uri belongs. For http this is the number 80, for ftp this is
the number 21, etc. The default port for a scheme can not be changed.
SCHEME-SPECIFIC SUPPORT
Scheme-specific support is provided for the following URI schemes. For "URI" objects that do not belong to one of these,
you can only use the common and generic methods.
data:
The data URI scheme is specified in RFC 2397. It allows inclusion of small data items as "immediate" data, as if it
had been included externally.
"URI" objects belonging to the data scheme support the common methods and two new methods to access their scheme-
specific components: $uri->media_type and $uri->data. See URI::data for details.
file:
An old specification of the file URI scheme is found in RFC 1738. A new RFC 2396 based specification in not
available yet, but file URI references are in common use.
"URI" objects belonging to the file scheme support the common and generic methods. In addition, they provide two
methods for mapping file URIs back to local file names; $uri->file and $uri->dir. See URI::file for details.
ftp:
An old specification of the ftp URI scheme is found in RFC 1738. A new RFC 2396 based specification in not available
yet, but ftp URI references are in common use.
"URI" objects belonging to the ftp scheme support the common, generic and server methods. In addition, they provide
two methods for accessing the userinfo sub-components: $uri->user and $uri->password.
gopher:
The gopher URI scheme is specified in <draft-murali-url-gopher-1996-12-04> and will hopefully be available as a RFC
2396 based specification.
"URI" objects belonging to the gopher scheme support the common, generic and server methods. In addition, they
support some methods for accessing gopher-specific path components: $uri->gopher_type, $uri->selector, $uri->search,
$uri->string.
http:
The http URI scheme is specified in RFC 2616. The scheme is used to reference resources hosted by HTTP servers.
"URI" objects belonging to the http scheme support the common, generic and server methods.
https:
The https URI scheme is a Netscape invention which is commonly implemented. The scheme is used to reference HTTP
servers through SSL connections. Its syntax is the same as http, but the default port is different.
ldap:
The ldap URI scheme is specified in RFC 2255. LDAP is the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. An ldap URI
describes an LDAP search operation to perform to retrieve information from an LDAP directory.
"URI" objects belonging to the ldap scheme support the common, generic and server methods as well as ldap-specific
methods: $uri->dn, $uri->attributes, $uri->scope, $uri->filter, $uri->extensions. See URI::ldap for details.
ldapi:
Like the ldap URI scheme, but uses a UNIX domain socket. The server methods are not supported, and the local socket
path is available as $uri->un_path. The ldapi scheme is used by the OpenLDAP package. There is no real
specification for it, but it is mentioned in various OpenLDAP manual pages.
ldaps:
Like the ldap URI scheme, but uses an SSL connection. This scheme is deprecated, as the preferred way is to use the
start_tls mechanism.
mailto:
The mailto URI scheme is specified in RFC 2368. The scheme was originally used to designate the Internet mailing
address of an individual or service. It has (in RFC 2368) been extended to allow setting of other mail header fields
and the message body.
"URI" objects belonging to the mailto scheme support the common methods and the generic query methods. In addition,
they support the following mailto-specific methods: $uri->to, $uri->headers.
Note that the "fooATexample.com" part of a mailto is not the "userinfo" and "host" but instead the "path". This
allows a mailto URI to contain multiple comma separated email addresses.
mms:
The mms URL specification can be found at <http://sdp.ppona.com/>;. "URI" objects belonging to the mms scheme support
the common, generic, and server methods, with the exception of userinfo and query-related sub-components.
news:
The news, nntp and snews URI schemes are specified in <draft-gilman-news-url-01> and will hopefully be available as
an RFC 2396 based specification soon.
"URI" objects belonging to the news scheme support the common, generic and server methods. In addition, they provide
some methods to access the path: $uri->group and $uri->message.
nntp:
See news scheme.
pop:
The pop URI scheme is specified in RFC 2384. The scheme is used to reference a POP3 mailbox.
"URI" objects belonging to the pop scheme support the common, generic and server methods. In addition, they provide
two methods to access the userinfo components: $uri->user and $uri->auth
rlogin:
An old specification of the rlogin URI scheme is found in RFC 1738. "URI" objects belonging to the rlogin scheme
support the common, generic and server methods.
rtsp:
The rtsp URL specification can be found in section 3.2 of RFC 2326. "URI" objects belonging to the rtsp scheme
support the common, generic, and server methods, with the exception of userinfo and query-related sub-components.
rtspu:
The rtspu URI scheme is used to talk to RTSP servers over UDP instead of TCP. The syntax is the same as rtsp.
rsync:
Information about rsync is available from <http://rsync.samba.org/>;. "URI" objects belonging to the rsync scheme
support the common, generic and server methods. In addition, they provide methods to access the userinfo sub-
components: $uri->user and $uri->password.
sip:
The sip URI specification is described in sections 19.1 and 25 of RFC 3261. "URI" objects belonging to the sip
scheme support the common, generic, and server methods with the exception of path related sub-components. In
addition, they provide two methods to get and set sip parameters: $uri->params_form and $uri->params.
sips:
See sip scheme. Its syntax is the same as sip, but the default port is different.
snews:
See news scheme. Its syntax is the same as news, but the default port is different.
telnet:
An old specification of the telnet URI scheme is found in RFC 1738. "URI" objects belonging to the telnet scheme
support the common, generic and server methods.
tn3270:
These URIs are used like telnet URIs but for connections to IBM mainframes. "URI" objects belonging to the tn3270
scheme support the common, generic and server methods.
ssh:
Information about ssh is available at <http://www.openssh.com/>;. "URI" objects belonging to the ssh scheme support
the common, generic and server methods. In addition, they provide methods to access the userinfo sub-components:
$uri->user and $uri->password.
urn:
The syntax of Uniform Resource Names is specified in RFC 2141. "URI" objects belonging to the urn scheme provide the
common methods, and also the methods $uri->nid and $uri->nss, which return the Namespace Identifier and the
Namespace-Specific String respectively.
The Namespace Identifier basically works like the Scheme identifier of URIs, and further divides the URN namespace.
Namespace Identifier assignments are maintained at http://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-namespaces
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-namespaces>;.
Letter case is not significant for the Namespace Identifier. It is always returned in lower case by the $uri->nid
method. The $uri->_nid method can be used if you want it in its original case.
urn:isbn:
The "urn:isbn:" namespace contains International Standard Book Numbers (ISBNs) and is described in RFC 3187. A "URI"
object belonging to this namespace has the following extra methods (if the Business::ISBN module is available):
$uri->isbn, $uri->isbn_publisher_code, $uri->isbn_group_code (formerly isbn_country_code, which is still supported by
issues a deprecation warning), $uri->isbn_as_ean.
urn:oid:
The "urn:oid:" namespace contains Object Identifiers (OIDs) and is described in RFC 3061. An object identifier
consists of sequences of digits separated by dots. A "URI" object belonging to this namespace has an additional
method called $uri->oid that can be used to get/set the oid value. In a list context, oid numbers are returned as
separate elements.
CONFIGURATION VARIABLES
The following configuration variables influence how the class and its methods behave:
$URI::ABS_ALLOW_RELATIVE_SCHEME
Some older parsers used to allow the scheme name to be present in the relative URL if it was the same as the base URL
scheme. RFC 2396 says that this should be avoided, but you can enable this old behaviour by setting the
$URI::ABS_ALLOW_RELATIVE_SCHEME variable to a TRUE value. The difference is demonstrated by the following examples:
URI->new("http:foo")->abs("http://host/a/b")
==> "http:foo"
local $URI::ABS_ALLOW_RELATIVE_SCHEME = 1;
URI->new("http:foo")->abs("http://host/a/b")
==> "http:/host/a/foo"
$URI::ABS_REMOTE_LEADING_DOTS
You can also have the abs() method ignore excess ".." segments in the relative URI by setting
$URI::ABS_REMOTE_LEADING_DOTS to a TRUE value. The difference is demonstrated by the following examples:
URI->new("../../../foo")->abs("http://host/a/b")
==> "http://host/../../foo"
local $URI::ABS_REMOTE_LEADING_DOTS = 1;
URI->new("../../../foo")->abs("http://host/a/b")
==> "http://host/foo"
$URI::DEFAULT_QUERY_FORM_DELIMITER
This value can be set to ";" to have the query form "key=value" pairs delimited by ";" instead of "&" which is the
default.
BUGS
Using regexp variables like $1 directly as arguments to the URI methods does not work too well with current perl
implementations. I would argue that this is actually a bug in perl. The workaround is to quote them. Example:
/(...)/ || die;
$u->query("$1");
PARSING URIs WITH REGEXP
As an alternative to this module, the following (official) regular expression can be used to decode a URI:
my($scheme, $authority, $path, $query, $fragment) =
$uri =~ m|(?:([^:/?#]+):)?(?://([^/?#]*))?([^?#]*)(?:\?([^#]*))?(?:#(.*))?|;
The "URI::Split" module provides the function uri_split() as a readable alternative.
SEE ALSO
URI::file, URI::WithBase, URI::QueryParam, URI::Escape, URI::Split, URI::Heuristic
RFC 2396: "Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", Berners-Lee, Fielding, Masinter, August 1998.
http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes <http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes>;
http://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-namespaces <http://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-namespaces>;
<http://www.w3.org/Addressing/>;
COPYRIGHT
Copyright 1995-2009 Gisle Aas.
Copyright 1995 Martijn Koster.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
AUTHORS / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This module is based on the "URI::URL" module, which in turn was (distantly) based on the "wwwurl.pl" code in the libwww-
perl for perl4 developed by Roy Fielding, as part of the Arcadia project at the University of California, Irvine, with
contributions from Brooks Cutter.
"URI::URL" was developed by Gisle Aas, Tim Bunce, Roy Fielding and Martijn Koster with input from other people on the
libwww-perl mailing list.
"URI" and related subclasses was developed by Gisle Aas.
perl v5.12.0 2010-03-31 URI(3)
