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CRYPTSETUP(8) Maintenance Commands CRYPTSETUP(8)
NAME
cryptsetup - setup cryptographic volumes for dm-crypt (including LUKS extension)
SYNOPSIS
cryptsetup <options> <action> <action args>
DESCRIPTION
cryptsetup is used to conveniently setup dm-crypt managed device-mapper mappings. For basic (plain) dm-crypt mappings,
there are four operations.
ACTIONS
These strings are valid for <action>, followed by their <action args>:
create <name> <device>
creates a mapping with <name> backed by device <device>.
<options> can be [--hash, --cipher, --verify-passphrase, --key-file, --key-size, --offset, --skip, --readonly]
remove <name>
removes an existing mapping <name>.
status <name>
reports the status for the mapping <name>.
resize <name>
resizes an active mapping <name>.
If --size (in sectors) is not specified, the size of the underlying block device is used.
LUKS EXTENSION
LUKS, Linux Unified Key Setup, is a standard for hard disk encryption. It standardizes a partition header, as well as the
format of the bulk data. LUKS can manage multiple passwords, that can be revoked effectively and that are protected
against dictionary attacks with PBKDF2.
These are valid LUKS actions:
luksFormat <device> [<key file>]
initializes a LUKS partition and sets the initial key, either via prompting or via <key file>.
<options> can be [--cipher, --verify-passphrase, --key-size, --key-slot, --key-file (takes precedence over
optional second argument)].
luksOpen <device> <name>
opens the LUKS partition <device> and sets up a mapping <name> after successful verification of the supplied key
material (either via key file by --key-file, or via prompting).
<options> can be [--key-file, --readonly].
luksClose <name>
identical to remove.
luksSuspend <name>
suspends active device (all IO operations are frozen) and wipes encryption key from kernel. Kernel version 2.6.19
or later is required.
After that operation you have to use luksResume to reinstate encryption key (and resume device) or luksClose to
remove mapped device.
WARNING: never try to suspend device where is the cryptsetup binary itself.
luksResume <name>
Resumes suspended device and reinstates encryption key. You will need provide passphrase identical to luksOpen
command (using prompting or key file).
<options> can be [--key-file]
luksAddKey <device> [<new key file>]
add a new key file/passphrase. An existing passphrase or key file (via --key-file) must be supplied. The key file
with the new material is supplied as a positional argument.
<options> can be [--key-file, --key-slot].
luksRemoveKey <device> [<key file>]
remove supplied key or key file from LUKS device
luksKillSlot <device> <key slot number>
wipe key with number <key slot> from LUKS device. A remaining passphrase or key file (via --key-file) must be sup-
plied.
<options> can be [--key-file].
luksDelKey <device> <key slot number>
identical to luksKillSlot, but deprecated action name.
luksUUID <device>
print UUID, if <device> has a LUKS header.
isLuks <device>
returns true, if <device> is a LUKS partition. Otherwise, false.
luksDump <device>
dumps the header information of a LUKS partition.
luksHeaderBackup <device> --header-backup-file <file>
Stores binary backup of LUKS header and keyslot areas.
WARNING: Please note that with this backup file (and old passphrase knowledge) you can decrypt data even if old
passphrase was wiped from real device.
Also note that anti-forensic splitter is not used during manipulation with backup file.
luksHeaderRestore <device> --header-backup-file <file>
Restores binary backup of LUKS header and keyslot areas from specified file.
WARNING: All the keyslot areas are overwritten, only active keyslots form backup file are available after issuing
this command.
This command allows restoring header if device do not contain LUKS header or if the master key size and data off-
set in LUKS header on device match the backup file.
For more information about LUKS, see http://code.google.com/p/cryptsetup/wiki/Specification
OPTIONS
--verbose, -v
Print more verbose messages.
--debug
Run in debug mode with full diagnostic logs.
--hash, -h
For create action specifies hash to use for password hashing.
For luksFormat action specifies hash used in LUKS key setup scheme and volume key digest.
WARNING: setting hash other than sha1 causes LUKS device incompatible with older version of cryptsetup.
The hash string is passed to libgcrypt, so all hashes accepted by gcrypt are supported. Default is set during
compilation, compatible values with old version of cryptsetup are "ripemd160" for create action and "sha1" for
luksFormat.
Use cryptsetup --help to show defaults.
--cipher, -c
set cipher specification string.
Default mode is configurable during compilation, you can see compiled-in default using cryptsetup --help. If not
changed, the default is for plain dm-crypt and LUKS mappings "aes-cbc-essiv:sha256".
For pre-2.6.10 kernels, use "aes-plain" as they don't understand the new cipher spec strings. To use ESSIV, use
"aes-cbc-essiv:sha256".
For XTS mode, kernel version 2.6.24 or more recent is required. Use "aes-xts-plain" cipher specification and set
key size to 256 (or 512) bits (see -s option).
--verify-passphrase, -y
query for passwords twice. Useful when creating a (regular) mapping for the first time, or when running luksFor-
mat.
--key-file, -d
use file as key material.
With LUKS, key material supplied in key files via -d are always used for existing passphrases, except in luksFor-
mat action where -d is equivalent to positional key file argument. If you want to set a new key via a key file,
you have to use a positional arg to luksAddKey.
If the key file is "-", stdin will be used. With the "-" key file reading will not stop when new line character is
detected. See section NOTES ON PASSWORD PROCESSING for more information.
--master-key-file
Use pre-generated master key stored in file. For luksFormat it allows LUKS header reformatting with the same mas-
ter key (if all other parameters are the same existing encrypted data remains intact).
For luksAddKey it allows adding new passphrase with only master key knowledge.
--key-slot, -S
For LUKS operations that add key material, this options allows to you specify which key slot is selected for the
new key. This option can be used for luksFormat and luksAddKey.
--key-size, -s
set key size in bits.
Has to be a multiple of 8 bits. The key size is limited by the used cipher. See output of /proc/crypto for more
information. Can be used for create or luksFormat, all other LUKS actions will use key-size specified by the LUKS
header. Default is set during compilation, if not changed it is 256 bits.
Use cryptsetup --help to show defaults.
For luksOpen this option specifies number of bits read from the key-file (default is exhaustive read from key-
file).
--size, -b
force the size of the underlying device in sectors. This option is only relevant for create and resize action.
--offset, -o
start offset in the backend device. This option is only relevant for create action.
--skip, -p
how many sectors of the encrypted data to skip at the beginning. This is different from the --offset options with
respect to IV calculations. Using --offset will shift the IV calculation by the same negative amount. Hence, if
--offset n, sector n will be the first sector on the mapping with IV 0. Using --skip would have resulted in sector
n being the first sector also, but with IV n. This option is only relevant for create action.
--readonly
set up a read-only mapping.
--iter-time, -i
The number of milliseconds to spend with PBKDF2 password processing. This option is only relevant to the LUKS
operations as luksFormat or luksAddKey.
--batch-mode, -q
Do not ask for confirmation. Use with care! This option is only relevant for luksFormat, luksAddKey, luksRemoveKey
or luksKillSlot.
--timeout, -t
The number of seconds to wait before timeout. This option is relevant every time a password is asked, like create,
luksOpen, luksFormat or luksAddKey. It has no effect if used in conjunction with --key-file.
--tries, -T
How often the input of the passphrase shall be retried. This option is relevant every time a password is asked,
like create, luksOpen, luksFormat or luksAddKey. The default is 3 tries.
--align-payload=value
Align payload at a boundary of value 512-byte sectors. This option is relevant for luksFormat. If your block
device lives on a RAID, it is useful to align the filesystem at full stripe boundaries so it can take advantage of
the RAID's geometry. See for instance the sunit and swidth options in the mkfs.xfs manual page. By default, the
payload is aligned at an 8 sector (4096 byte) boundary.
--version
Show the version.
NOTES ON PASSWORD PROCESSING
From a terminal: Password processing is new-line sensitive, meaning the reading will stop after encountering \n. It will
process the read material (without newline) with the default hash or the hash given by --hash. After hashing, it will be
cropped to the key size given by -s.
From stdin: Reading will continue until EOF (so using e.g. /dev/random as stdin will not work), with the trailing newline
stripped. After that the read data will be hashed with the default hash or the hash given by --hash and the result will
be cropped to the keysize given by -s. If "plain" is used as an argument to the hash option, the input data will not be
hashed. Instead, it will be zero padded (if shorter than the keysize) or truncated (if longer than the keysize) and used
directly as the key. No warning will be given if the amount of data read from stdin is less than the keysize.
From a key file: It will be cropped to the size given by -s. If there is insufficient key material in the key file,
cryptsetup will quit with an error.
If --key-file=- is used for reading the key from stdin, no trailing newline is stripped from the input. Without that
option, cryptsetup strips trailing newlines from stdin input.
NOTES ON PASSWORD PROCESSING FOR LUKS
LUKS uses PBKDF2 to protect against dictionary attacks (see RFC 2898).
LUKS will always do an exhaustive password reading. Hence, password can not be read from /dev/random, /dev/zero or any
other stream that does not terminate.
For any password creation action (luksAddKey, or luksFormat), the user may specify how much the time the password pro-
cessing should consume. Increasing the time will lead to a more secure password, but also will take luksOpen longer to
complete. The default setting of one second is sufficient for good security.
INCOHERENT BEHAVIOUR FOR INVALID PASSWORDS/KEYS
LUKS checks for a valid password or key when an encrypted partition is unlocked. Thus the luksOpen action fails with
invalid password or key, contrary to the plain dm-crypt create action.
Please also be sure that you are using the same keyboard and language setting as during device format.
NOTES ON SUPPORTED CIPHERS, MODES, HASHES AND KEY SIZES
The available combinations of ciphers, modes, hashes and key sizes depend on kernel support. See /proc/crypto for a list
of available options. You might need to load additional kernel crypto modules in order to get more options.
For --hash option all algorithms supported by gcrypt library are available.
NOTES ON PASSWORDS
Mathematics can't be bribed. Make sure you keep your passwords safe. There are a few nice tricks for constructing a fall-
back, when suddenly out of (or after being) blue, your brain refuses to cooperate. These fallbacks are possible with
LUKS, as it's only possible with LUKS to have multiple passwords.
AUTHORS
cryptsetup is written by Christophe Saout <christopheATsaout.de>
LUKS extensions, and man page by Clemens Fruhwirth <clemensATendorphin.org>
COMPATABILITY WITH OLD SUSE TWOFISH PARTITIONS
To read images created with SuSE Linux 9.2's loop_fish2 use --cipher twofish-cbc-null -s 256 -h sha512, for images cre-
ated with even older SuSE Linux use --cipher twofish-cbc-null -s 192 -h ripemd160:20
DEPRECATED ACTIONS
reload <name> <device>
modifies an active mapping <name>. Same options as for create. WARNING: Do not use this for LUKS devices, as the
semantics are identical to the create action, which are totally incompatible with the LUKS key setup.
This action is deprected because it proved to be rarely useful. It is uncommon to change the underlying device,
key, or offset on the fly. In case, you really want to do this, you certainly know what you are doing and then you
are probably better off with the swiss knive tool for device mapper, namely dmsetup. It provides you with the same
functionality, see dmsetup reload.
luksDelKey <device> <key slot number>
identical to luksKillSlot, but deprecated action name. This option was renamed, as we introduced luksRemoveKey, a
softer method for disabling password slots. To make a clear distinction that luksDelKey was more brutal than luk-
sRemoveKey
--non-exclusive
This option is ignored. Non-exclusive access to the same block device can cause data corruption thus this mode is
no longer supported by cryptsetup.
REPORTING BUGS
Report bugs to <dm-cryptATsaout.de> or Issues section on LUKS website. Please attach output of failed command with added
--debug option.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2004 Christophe Saout
Copyright (C) 2004-2006 Clemens Fruhwirth
Copyright (C) 2009-2010 Red Hat, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FIT-
NESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
SEE ALSO
dm-crypt website, http://www.saout.de/misc/dm-crypt/
LUKS website, http://code.google.com/p/cryptsetup/
dm-crypt TWiki, http://www.saout.de/tikiwiki/tiki-index.php
cryptsetup CRYPTSETUP(8)
