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GIT-BLAME(1) Git Manual GIT-BLAME(1)
NAME
git-blame - Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file
SYNOPSIS
git blame [-c] [-b] [-l] [--root] [-t] [-f] [-n] [-s] [-e] [-p] [-w] [--incremental] [-L n,m]
[-S <revs-file>] [-M] [-C] [-C] [-C] [--since=<date>]
[<rev> | --contents <file> | --reverse <rev>] [--] <file>
DESCRIPTION
Annotates each line in the given file with information from the revision which last modified the line. Optionally, start
annotating from the given revision.
The command can also limit the range of lines annotated.
The report does not tell you anything about lines which have been deleted or replaced; you need to use a tool such as git
diff or the "pickaxe" interface briefly mentioned in the following paragraph.
Apart from supporting file annotation, git also supports searching the development history for when a code snippet
occurred in a change. This makes it possible to track when a code snippet was added to a file, moved or copied between
files, and eventually deleted or replaced. It works by searching for a text string in the diff. A small example:
$ git log --pretty=oneline -S'blame_usage'
5040f17eba15504bad66b14a645bddd9b015ebb7 blame -S <ancestry-file>
ea4c7f9bf69e781dd0cd88d2bccb2bf5cc15c9a7 git-blame: Make the output
OPTIONS
-b
Show blank SHA-1 for boundary commits. This can also be controlled via the blame.blankboundary config option.
--root
Do not treat root commits as boundaries. This can also be controlled via the blame.showroot config option.
--show-stats
Include additional statistics at the end of blame output.
-L <start>,<end>
Annotate only the given line range. <start> and <end> can take one of these forms:
o number
If <start> or <end> is a number, it specifies an absolute line number (lines count from 1).
o /regex/
This form will use the first line matching the given POSIX regex. If <end> is a regex, it will search starting at
the line given by <start>.
o +offset or -offset
This is only valid for <end> and will specify a number of lines before or after the line given by <start>.
-l
Show long rev (Default: off).
-t
Show raw timestamp (Default: off).
-S <revs-file>
Use revisions from revs-file instead of calling git-rev-list(1).
--reverse
Walk history forward instead of backward. Instead of showing the revision in which a line appeared, this shows the
last revision in which a line has existed. This requires a range of revision like START..END where the path to blame
exists in START.
-p, --porcelain
Show in a format designed for machine consumption.
--incremental
Show the result incrementally in a format designed for machine consumption.
--encoding=<encoding>
Specifies the encoding used to output author names and commit summaries. Setting it to none makes blame output
unconverted data. For more information see the discussion about encoding in the git-log(1) manual page.
--contents <file>
When <rev> is not specified, the command annotates the changes starting backwards from the working tree copy. This
flag makes the command pretend as if the working tree copy has the contents of the named file (specify - to make the
command read from the standard input).
--date <format>
The value is one of the following alternatives: {relative,local,default,iso,rfc,short}. If --date is not provided,
the value of the blame.date config variable is used. If the blame.date config variable is also not set, the iso
format is used. For more information, See the discussion of the --date option at git-log(1).
-M|<num>|
Detect moved or copied lines within a file. When a commit moves or copies a block of lines (e.g. the original file
has A and then B, and the commit changes it to B and then A), the traditional blame algorithm notices only half of
the movement and typically blames the lines that were moved up (i.e. B) to the parent and assigns blame to the lines
that were moved down (i.e. A) to the child commit. With this option, both groups of lines are blamed on the parent by
running extra passes of inspection.
<num> is optional but it is the lower bound on the number of alphanumeric characters that git must detect as
moving/copying within a file for it to associate those lines with the parent commit. The default value is 20.
-C|<num>|
In addition to -M, detect lines moved or copied from other files that were modified in the same commit. This is
useful when you reorganize your program and move code around across files. When this option is given twice, the
command additionally looks for copies from other files in the commit that creates the file. When this option is given
three times, the command additionally looks for copies from other files in any commit.
<num> is optional but it is the lower bound on the number of alphanumeric characters that git must detect as
moving/copying between files for it to associate those lines with the parent commit. And the default value is 40. If
there are more than one -C options given, the <num> argument of the last -C will take effect.
-h, --help
Show help message.
-c
Use the same output mode as git-annotate(1) (Default: off).
--score-debug
Include debugging information related to the movement of lines between files (see -C) and lines moved within a file
(see -M). The first number listed is the score. This is the number of alphanumeric characters detected as having been
moved between or within files. This must be above a certain threshold for git blame to consider those lines of code
to have been moved.
-f, --show-name
Show the filename in the original commit. By default the filename is shown if there is any line that came from a file
with a different name, due to rename detection.
-n, --show-number
Show the line number in the original commit (Default: off).
-s
Suppress the author name and timestamp from the output.
-e, --show-email
Show the author email instead of author name (Default: off).
-w
Ignore whitespace when comparing the parent's version and the child's to find where the lines came from.
THE PORCELAIN FORMAT
In this format, each line is output after a header; the header at the minimum has the first line which has:
o 40-byte SHA-1 of the commit the line is attributed to;
o the line number of the line in the original file;
o the line number of the line in the final file;
o on a line that starts a group of lines from a different commit than the previous one, the number of lines in this
group. On subsequent lines this field is absent.
This header line is followed by the following information at least once for each commit:
o the author name ("author"), email ("author-mail"), time ("author-time"), and timezone ("author-tz"); similarly for
committer.
o the filename in the commit that the line is attributed to.
o the first line of the commit log message ("summary").
The contents of the actual line is output after the above header, prefixed by a TAB. This is to allow adding more header
elements later.
SPECIFYING RANGES
Unlike git blame and git annotate in older versions of git, the extent of the annotation can be limited to both line
ranges and revision ranges. When you are interested in finding the origin for lines 40-60 for file foo, you can use the
-L option like so (they mean the same thing -- both ask for 21 lines starting at line 40):
git blame -L 40,60 foo
git blame -L 40,+21 foo
Also you can use a regular expression to specify the line range:
git blame -L '/^sub hello {/,/^}$/' foo
which limits the annotation to the body of the hello subroutine.
When you are not interested in changes older than version v2.6.18, or changes older than 3 weeks, you can use revision
range specifiers similar to git rev-list:
git blame v2.6.18.. -- foo
git blame --since=3.weeks -- foo
When revision range specifiers are used to limit the annotation, lines that have not changed since the range boundary
(either the commit v2.6.18 or the most recent commit that is more than 3 weeks old in the above example) are blamed for
that range boundary commit.
A particularly useful way is to see if an added file has lines created by copy-and-paste from existing files. Sometimes
this indicates that the developer was being sloppy and did not refactor the code properly. You can first find the commit
that introduced the file with:
git log --diff-filter=A --pretty=short -- foo
and then annotate the change between the commit and its parents, using commit^! notation:
git blame -C -C -f $commit^! -- foo
INCREMENTAL OUTPUT
When called with --incremental option, the command outputs the result as it is built. The output generally will talk
about lines touched by more recent commits first (i.e. the lines will be annotated out of order) and is meant to be used
by interactive viewers.
The output format is similar to the Porcelain format, but it does not contain the actual lines from the file that is
being annotated.
1. Each blame entry always starts with a line of:
<40-byte hex sha1> <sourceline> <resultline> <num_lines>
Line numbers count from 1.
2. The first time that a commit shows up in the stream, it has various other information about it printed out with a
one-word tag at the beginning of each line describing the extra commit information (author, email, committer, dates,
summary, etc.).
3. Unlike the Porcelain format, the filename information is always given and terminates the entry:
"filename" <whitespace-quoted-filename-goes-here>
and thus it is really quite easy to parse for some line- and word-oriented parser (which should be quite natural for
most scripting languages).
Note
For people who do parsing: to make it more robust, just ignore any lines between the first and last one ("<sha1>"
and "filename" lines) where you do not recognize the tag words (or care about that particular one) at the
beginning of the "extended information" lines. That way, if there is ever added information (like the commit
encoding or extended commit commentary), a blame viewer will not care.
MAPPING AUTHORS
If the file .mailmap exists at the toplevel of the repository, or at the location pointed to by the mailmap.file
configuration option, it is used to map author and committer names and email addresses to canonical real names and email
addresses.
In the simple form, each line in the file consists of the canonical real name of an author, whitespace, and an email
address used in the commit (enclosed by < and >) to map to the name. For example:
Proper Name <commitATemail.xx>
The more complex forms are:
<properATemail.xx> <commitATemail.xx>
which allows mailmap to replace only the email part of a commit, and:
Proper Name <properATemail.xx> <commitATemail.xx>
which allows mailmap to replace both the name and the email of a commit matching the specified commit email address, and:
Proper Name <properATemail.xx> Commit Name <commitATemail.xx>
which allows mailmap to replace both the name and the email of a commit matching both the specified commit name and email
address.
Example 1: Your history contains commits by two authors, Jane and Joe, whose names appear in the repository under several
forms:
Joe Developer <joeATexample.com>
Joe R. Developer <joeATexample.com>
Jane Doe <janeATexample.com>
Jane Doe <jane@laptop.(none)>
Jane D. <jane@desktop.(none)>
Now suppose that Joe wants his middle name initial used, and Jane prefers her family name fully spelled out. A proper
.mailmap file would look like:
Jane Doe <jane@desktop.(none)>
Joe R. Developer <joeATexample.com>
Note how there is no need for an entry for <jane@laptop[1].(none)>, because the real name of that author is already
correct.
Example 2: Your repository contains commits from the following authors:
nick1 <bugsATcompany.xx>
nick2 <bugsATcompany.xx>
nick2 <nick2ATcompany.xx>
santa <meATcompany.xx>
claus <meATcompany.xx>
CTO <ctoATcoompany.xx>
Then you might want a .mailmap file that looks like:
<ctoATcompany.xx> <ctoATcoompany.xx>
Some Dude <someATdude.xx> nick1 <bugsATcompany.xx>
Other Author <otherATauthor.xx> nick2 <bugsATcompany.xx>
Other Author <otherATauthor.xx> <nick2ATcompany.xx>
Santa Claus <santa.clausATnorthpole.xx> <meATcompany.xx>
Use hash # for comments that are either on their own line, or after the email address.
SEE ALSO
git-annotate(1)
AUTHOR
Written by Junio C Hamano <gitsterATpobox.com[2]>
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite
NOTES
1. jane@laptop
mailto:jane@laptop
2. gitsterATpobox.com
mailto:gitsterATpobox.com
Git 1.7.4.4 04/11/2011 GIT-BLAME(1)
