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GIT-COMMIT(1) Git Manual GIT-COMMIT(1)

NAME
git-commit - Record changes to the repository

DESCRIPTION
Stores the current contents of the index in a new commit along with a log message from the user describing the changes.

The content to be added can be specified in several ways:

1. by using git add to incrementally "add" changes to the index before using the commit command (Note: even modified
files must be "added");

2. by using git rm to remove files from the working tree and the index, again before using the commit command;

3. by listing files as arguments to the commit command, in which case the commit will ignore changes staged in the
index, and instead record the current content of the listed files (which must already be known to git);

4. by using the -a switch with the commit command to automatically "add" changes from all known files (i.e. all files
that are already listed in the index) and to automatically "rm" files in the index that have been removed from the
working tree, and then perform the actual commit;

5. by using the --interactive switch with the commit command to decide one by one which files should be part of the
commit, before finalizing the operation. Currently, this is done by invoking git add --interactive.

The --dry-run option can be used to obtain a summary of what is included by any of the above for the next commit by
giving the same set of parameters (options and paths).

If you make a commit and then find a mistake immediately after that, you can recover from it with git reset.

OPTIONS
-a, --all
Tell the command to automatically stage files that have been modified and deleted, but new files you have not told
git about are not affected.

-C <commit>, --reuse-message=<commit>
Take an existing commit object, and reuse the log message and the authorship information (including the timestamp)
when creating the commit.

-c <commit>, --reedit-message=<commit>
Like -C, but with -c the editor is invoked, so that the user can further edit the commit message.

--fixup=<commit>
Construct a commit message for use with rebase --autosquash. The commit message will be the subject line from the
specified commit with a prefix of "fixup! ". See git-rebase(1) for details.

--squash=<commit>
Construct a commit message for use with rebase --autosquash. The commit message subject line is taken from the
specified commit with a prefix of "squash! ". Can be used with additional commit message options (-m/-c/-C/-F). See
git-rebase(1) for details.

--reset-author
When used with -C/-c/--amend options, declare that the authorship of the resulting commit now belongs of the
committer. This also renews the author timestamp.

--short
When doing a dry-run, give the output in the short-format. See git-status(1) for details. Implies --dry-run.

--porcelain
When doing a dry-run, give the output in a porcelain-ready format. See git-status(1) for details. Implies --dry-run.

-z
When showing short or porcelain status output, terminate entries in the status output with NUL, instead of LF. If no
format is given, implies the --porcelain output format.

-F <file>, --file=<file>
Take the commit message from the given file. Use - to read the message from the standard input.

--author=<author>
Override the commit author. Specify an explicit author using the standard A U Thor <authorATexample.com[1]> format.
Otherwise <author> is assumed to be a pattern and is used to search for an existing commit by that author (i.e.
rev-list --all -i --author=<author>); the commit author is then copied from the first such commit found.

--date=<date>
Override the author date used in the commit.

-m <msg>, --message=<msg>
Use the given <msg> as the commit message.

-t <file>, --template=<file>
Use the contents of the given file as the initial version of the commit message. The editor is invoked and you can
make subsequent changes. If a message is specified using the -m or -F options, this option has no effect. This
overrides the commit.template configuration variable.

-s, --signoff
Add Signed-off-by line by the committer at the end of the commit log message.

-n, --no-verify
This option bypasses the pre-commit and commit-msg hooks. See also githooks(5).

--allow-empty
Usually recording a commit that has the exact same tree as its sole parent commit is a mistake, and the command
prevents you from making such a commit. This option bypasses the safety, and is primarily for use by foreign SCM
interface scripts.

--allow-empty-message
Like --allow-empty this command is primarily for use by foreign SCM interface scripts. It allows you to create a
commit with an empty commit message without using plumbing commands like git-commit-tree(1).

--cleanup=<mode>
This option sets how the commit message is cleaned up. The <mode> can be one of verbatim, whitespace, strip, and
default. The default mode will strip leading and trailing empty lines and #commentary from the commit message only if
the message is to be edited. Otherwise only whitespace removed. The verbatim mode does not change message at all,
whitespace removes just leading/trailing whitespace lines and strip removes both whitespace and commentary.

-e, --edit
The message taken from file with -F, command line with -m, and from file with -C are usually used as the commit log
message unmodified. This option lets you further edit the message taken from these sources.

--amend
Used to amend the tip of the current branch. Prepare the tree object you would want to replace the latest commit as
usual (this includes the usual -i/-o and explicit paths), and the commit log editor is seeded with the commit message
from the tip of the current branch. The commit you create replaces the current tip -- if it was a merge, it will have
the parents of the current tip as parents -- so the current top commit is discarded.

It is a rough equivalent for:

$ git reset --soft HEAD^
$ ... do something else to come up with the right tree ...
$ git commit -c ORIG_HEAD

but can be used to amend a merge commit.

You should understand the implications of rewriting history if you amend a commit that has already been published.
(See the "RECOVERING FROM UPSTREAM REBASE" section in git-rebase(1).)

-i, --include
Before making a commit out of staged contents so far, stage the contents of paths given on the command line as well.
This is usually not what you want unless you are concluding a conflicted merge.

-o, --only
Make a commit only from the paths specified on the command line, disregarding any contents that have been staged so
far. This is the default mode of operation of git commit if any paths are given on the command line, in which case
this option can be omitted. If this option is specified together with --amend, then no paths need to be specified,
which can be used to amend the last commit without committing changes that have already been staged.

-u[<mode>], --untracked-files[=<mode>]
Show untracked files.

The mode parameter is optional (defaults to all), and is used to specify the handling of untracked files; when -u is
not used, the default is normal, i.e. show untracked files and directories.

The possible options are:

o no - Show no untracked files

o normal - Shows untracked files and directories

o all - Also shows individual files in untracked directories.

The default can be changed using the status.showUntrackedFiles configuration variable documented in git-
config(1).

-v, --verbose
Show unified diff between the HEAD commit and what would be committed at the bottom of the commit message template.
Note that this diff output doesn't have its lines prefixed with #.

-q, --quiet
Suppress commit summary message.

--dry-run
Do not create a commit, but show a list of paths that are to be committed, paths with local changes that will be left
uncommitted and paths that are untracked.

--status
Include the output of git-status(1) in the commit message template when using an editor to prepare the commit
message. Defaults to on, but can be used to override configuration variable commit.status.

--no-status
Do not include the output of git-status(1) in the commit message template when using an editor to prepare the default
commit message.

--
Do not interpret any more arguments as options.

<file>...
When files are given on the command line, the command commits the contents of the named files, without recording the
changes already staged. The contents of these files are also staged for the next commit on top of what have been
staged before.

DATE FORMATS
The GIT_AUTHOR_DATE, GIT_COMMITTER_DATE environment variables and the --date option support the following date formats:

Git internal format
It is <unix timestamp> <timezone offset>, where <unix timestamp> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
<timezone offset> is a positive or negative offset from UTC. For example CET (which is 2 hours ahead UTC) is +0200.

RFC 2822
The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200.

ISO 8601
Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example 2005-04-07T22:13:13. The parser accepts a space instead
of the T character as well.

Note
In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats: YYYY.MM.DD, MM/DD/YYYY and DD.MM.YYYY.

EXAMPLES
When recording your own work, the contents of modified files in your working tree are temporarily stored to a staging
area called the "index" with git add. A file can be reverted back, only in the index but not in the working tree, to that
of the last commit with git reset HEAD -- <file>, which effectively reverts git add and prevents the changes to this file
from participating in the next commit. After building the state to be committed incrementally with these commands, git
commit (without any pathname parameter) is used to record what has been staged so far. This is the most basic form of the
command. An example:

$ edit hello.c
$ git rm goodbye.c
$ git add hello.c
$ git commit

Instead of staging files after each individual change, you can tell git commit to notice the changes to the files whose
contents are tracked in your working tree and do corresponding git add and git rm for you. That is, this example does the
same as the earlier example if there is no other change in your working tree:

$ edit hello.c
$ rm goodbye.c
$ git commit -a

The command git commit -a first looks at your working tree, notices that you have modified hello.c and removed goodbye.c,
and performs necessary git add and git rm for you.

After staging changes to many files, you can alter the order the changes are recorded in, by giving pathnames to git
commit. When pathnames are given, the command makes a commit that only records the changes made to the named paths:

$ edit hello.c hello.h
$ git add hello.c hello.h
$ edit Makefile
$ git commit Makefile

This makes a commit that records the modification to Makefile. The changes staged for hello.c and hello.h are not
included in the resulting commit. However, their changes are not lost -- they are still staged and merely held back.
After the above sequence, if you do:

$ git commit

this second commit would record the changes to hello.c and hello.h as expected.

After a merge (initiated by git merge or git pull) stops because of conflicts, cleanly merged paths are already staged to
be committed for you, and paths that conflicted are left in unmerged state. You would have to first check which paths are
conflicting with git status and after fixing them manually in your working tree, you would stage the result as usual with
git add:

$ git status | grep unmerged
unmerged: hello.c
$ edit hello.c
$ git add hello.c

After resolving conflicts and staging the result, git ls-files -u would stop mentioning the conflicted path. When you are
done, run git commit to finally record the merge:

$ git commit

As with the case to record your own changes, you can use -a option to save typing. One difference is that during a merge
resolution, you cannot use git commit with pathnames to alter the order the changes are committed, because the merge
should be recorded as a single commit. In fact, the command refuses to run when given pathnames (but see -i option).

DISCUSSION
Though not required, it's a good idea to begin the commit message with a single short (less than 50 character) line
summarizing the change, followed by a blank line and then a more thorough description. Tools that turn commits into
email, for example, use the first line on the Subject: line and the rest of the commit in the body.

At the core level, git is character encoding agnostic.

o The pathnames recorded in the index and in the tree objects are treated as uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.
What readdir(2) returns are what are recorded and compared with the data git keeps track of, which in turn are
expected to be what lstat(2) and creat(2) accepts. There is no such thing as pathname encoding translation.

o The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of bytes. There is no encoding translation at the core
level.

o The commit log messages are uninterpreted sequences of non-NUL bytes.

Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in UTF-8, both the core and git Porcelain are designed not
to force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a particular project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings,
git does not forbid it. However, there are a few things to keep in mind.

1. git commit and git commit-tree issues a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look like a valid
UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your project uses a legacy encoding. The way to say this is to have
i18n.commitencoding in .git/config file, like this:

[i18n]
commitencoding = ISO-8859-1

Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of i18n.commitencoding in its encoding header. This is
to help other people who look at them later. Lack of this header implies that the commit log message is encoded in
UTF-8.

2. git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the encoding header of a commit object, and try to re-code the log
message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You can specify the desired output encoding with
i18n.logoutputencoding in .git/config file, like this:

[i18n]
logoutputencoding = ISO-8859-1

If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of i18n.commitencoding is used instead.

Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a reversible operation.

ENVIRONMENT AND CONFIGURATION VARIABLES
The editor used to edit the commit log message will be chosen from the GIT_EDITOR environment variable, the core.editor
configuration variable, the VISUAL environment variable, or the EDITOR environment variable (in that order). See git-
var(1) for details.

HOOKS
This command can run commit-msg, prepare-commit-msg, pre-commit, and post-commit hooks. See githooks(5) for more
information.

SEE ALSO
git-add(1), git-rm(1), git-mv(1), git-merge(1), git-commit-tree(1)

AUTHOR
Written by Linus Torvalds <torvaldsATosdl.org[2]> and Junio C Hamano <gitsterATpobox.com[3]>

GIT
Part of the git(1) suite

NOTES
1. authorATexample.com
mailto:authorATexample.com

2. torvaldsATosdl.org
mailto:torvaldsATosdl.org

3. gitsterATpobox.com
mailto:gitsterATpobox.com

Git 1.7.4.4 04/11/2011 GIT-COMMIT(1)