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INITDB(1) PostgreSQL Server Applications INITDB(1)

NAME
initdb - create a new PostgreSQL database cluster

SYNOPSIS
initdb [ option... ] --pgdata | -D directory

DESCRIPTION
initdb creates a new PostgreSQL database cluster. A database cluster is a collection of databases that are managed by a
single server instance.

Creating a database cluster consists of creating the directories in which the database data will live, generating the
shared catalog tables (tables that belong to the whole cluster rather than to any particular database), and creating the
template1 and postgres databases. When you later create a new database, everything in the template1 database is copied.
(Therefore, anything installed in template1 is automatically copied into each database created later.) The postgres
database is a default database meant for use by users, utilities and third party applications.

Although initdb will attempt to create the specified data directory, it might not have permission if the parent directory
of the desired data directory is root-owned. To initialize in such a setup, create an empty data directory as root, then
use chown to assign ownership of that directory to the database user account, then su to become the database user to run
initdb.

initdb must be run as the user that will own the server process, because the server needs to have access to the files and
directories that initdb creates. Since the server cannot be run as root, you must not run initdb as root either. (It
will in fact refuse to do so.)

initdb initializes the database cluster's default locale and character set encoding. The character set encoding, colla-
tion order (LC_COLLATE) and character set classes (LC_CTYPE, e.g. upper, lower, digit) can be set separately for a data-
base when it is created. initdb determines those settings for the template1 database, which will serve as the default for
all other databases.

To alter the default collation order or character set classes, use the --lc-collate and --lc-ctype options. Collation
orders other than C or POSIX also have a performance penalty. For these reasons it is important to choose the right
locale when running initdb.

The remaining locale categories can be changed later when the server is started. You can also use --locale to set the
default for all locale categories, including collation order and character set classes. All server locale values (lc_*)
can be displayed via SHOW ALL. More details can be found in in the documentation.

To alter the default encoding, use the --encoding. More details can be found in in the documentation.

OPTIONS
-A authmethod

--auth=authmethod
This option specifies the authentication method for local users used in pg_hba.conf. Do not use trust unless you
trust all local users on your system. Trust is the default for ease of installation.

-D directory

--pgdata=directory
This option specifies the directory where the database cluster should be stored. This is the only information
required by initdb, but you can avoid writing it by setting the PGDATA environment variable, which can be conve-
nient since the database server (postgres) can find the database directory later by the same variable.

-E encoding

--encoding=encoding
Selects the encoding of the template database. This will also be the default encoding of any database you create
later, unless you override it there. The default is derived from the locale, or SQL_ASCII if that does not work.
The character sets supported by the PostgreSQL server are described in in the documentation.

--locale=locale
Sets the default locale for the database cluster. If this option is not specified, the locale is inherited from
the environment that initdb runs in. Locale support is described in in the documentation.

--lc-collate=locale

--lc-ctype=locale

--lc-messages=locale

--lc-monetary=locale

--lc-numeric=locale

--lc-time=locale
Like --locale, but only sets the locale in the specified category.

-X directory

--xlogdir=directory
This option specifies the directory where the transaction log should be stored.

-U username

--username=username
Selects the user name of the database superuser. This defaults to the name of the effective user running initdb.
It is really not important what the superuser's name is, but one might choose to keep the customary name postgres,
even if the operating system user's name is different.

-W

--pwprompt
Makes initdb prompt for a password to give the database superuser. If you don't plan on using password authentica-
tion, this is not important. Otherwise you won't be able to use password authentication until you have a password
set up.

--pwfile=filename
Makes initdb read the database superuser's password from a file. The first line of the file is taken as the pass-
word.

Other, less commonly used, parameters are also available:

-d

--debug
Print debugging output from the bootstrap backend and a few other messages of lesser interest for the general pub-
lic. The bootstrap backend is the program initdb uses to create the catalog tables. This option generates a
tremendous amount of extremely boring output.

-L directory
Specifies where initdb should find its input files to initialize the database cluster. This is normally not neces-
sary. You will be told if you need to specify their location explicitly.

-n

--noclean
By default, when initdb determines that an error prevented it from completely creating the database cluster, it
removes any files it might have created before discovering that it cannot finish the job. This option inhibits
tidying-up and is thus useful for debugging.

ENVIRONMENT
PGDATA Specifies the directory where the database cluster is to be stored; can be overridden using the -D option.

This utility, like most other PostgreSQL utilities, also uses the environment variables supported by libpq (see in the
documentation).