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SCHED_SETSCHEDULER(2) Linux Programmer's Manual SCHED_SETSCHEDULER(2)
NAME
sched_setscheduler, sched_getscheduler - set and get scheduling policy/parameters
SYNOPSIS
#include <sched.h>
int sched_setscheduler(pid_t pid, int policy,
const struct sched_param *param);
int sched_getscheduler(pid_t pid);
struct sched_param {
...
int sched_priority;
...
};
DESCRIPTION
sched_setscheduler() sets both the scheduling policy and the associated parameters for the process whose ID is specified
in pid. If pid equals zero, the scheduling policy and parameters of the calling process will be set. The interpretation
of the argument param depends on the selected policy. Currently, Linux supports the following "normal" (i.e., non-real-
time) scheduling policies:
SCHED_OTHER the standard round-robin time-sharing policy;
SCHED_BATCH for "batch" style execution of processes; and
SCHED_IDLE for running very low priority background jobs.
The following "real-time" policies are also supported, for special time-critical applications that need precise control
over the way in which runnable processes are selected for execution:
SCHED_FIFO a first-in, first-out policy; and
SCHED_RR a round-robin policy.
The semantics of each of these policies are detailed below.
sched_getscheduler() queries the scheduling policy currently applied to the process identified by pid. If pid equals
zero, the policy of the calling process will be retrieved.
Scheduling Policies
The scheduler is the kernel component that decides which runnable process will be executed by the CPU next. Each process
has an associated scheduling policy and a static scheduling priority, sched_priority; these are the settings that are
modified by sched_setscheduler(). The scheduler makes it decisions based on knowledge of the scheduling policy and
static priority of all processes on the system.
For processes scheduled under one of the normal scheduling policies (SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_IDLE, SCHED_BATCH), sched_prior-
ity is not used in scheduling decisions (it must be specified as 0).
Processes scheduled under one of the real-time policies (SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_RR) have a sched_priority value in the range 1
(low) to 99 (high). (As the numbers imply, real-time processes always have higher priority than normal processes.) Note
well: POSIX.1-2001 only requires an implementation to support a minimum 32 distinct priority levels for the real-time
policies, and some systems supply just this minimum. Portable programs should use sched_get_priority_min(2) and
sched_get_priority_max(2) to find the range of priorities supported for a particular policy.
Conceptually, the scheduler maintains a list of runnable processes for each possible sched_priority value. In order to
determine which process runs next, the scheduler looks for the nonempty list with the highest static priority and selects
the process at the head of this list.
A process's scheduling policy determines where it will be inserted into the list of processes with equal static priority
and how it will move inside this list.
All scheduling is preemptive: if a process with a higher static priority becomes ready to run, the currently running
process will be preempted and returned to the wait list for its static priority level. The scheduling policy only deter-
mines the ordering within the list of runnable processes with equal static priority.
SCHED_FIFO: First In-First Out scheduling
SCHED_FIFO can only be used with static priorities higher than 0, which means that when a SCHED_FIFO processes becomes
runnable, it will always immediately preempt any currently running SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_BATCH, or SCHED_IDLE process.
SCHED_FIFO is a simple scheduling algorithm without time slicing. For processes scheduled under the SCHED_FIFO policy,
the following rules apply:
* A SCHED_FIFO process that has been preempted by another process of higher priority will stay at the head of the list
for its priority and will resume execution as soon as all processes of higher priority are blocked again.
* When a SCHED_FIFO process becomes runnable, it will be inserted at the end of the list for its priority.
* A call to sched_setscheduler() or sched_setparam(2) will put the SCHED_FIFO (or SCHED_RR) process identified by pid at
the start of the list if it was runnable. As a consequence, it may preempt the currently running process if it has
the same priority. (POSIX.1-2001 specifies that the process should go to the end of the list.)
* A process calling sched_yield(2) will be put at the end of the list.
No other events will move a process scheduled under the SCHED_FIFO policy in the wait list of runnable processes with
equal static priority.
A SCHED_FIFO process runs until either it is blocked by an I/O request, it is preempted by a higher priority process, or
it calls sched_yield(2).
SCHED_RR: Round Robin scheduling
SCHED_RR is a simple enhancement of SCHED_FIFO. Everything described above for SCHED_FIFO also applies to SCHED_RR,
except that each process is only allowed to run for a maximum time quantum. If a SCHED_RR process has been running for a
time period equal to or longer than the time quantum, it will be put at the end of the list for its priority. A SCHED_RR
process that has been preempted by a higher priority process and subsequently resumes execution as a running process will
complete the unexpired portion of its round robin time quantum. The length of the time quantum can be retrieved using
sched_rr_get_interval(2).
SCHED_OTHER: Default Linux time-sharing scheduling
SCHED_OTHER can only be used at static priority 0. SCHED_OTHER is the standard Linux time-sharing scheduler that is
intended for all processes that do not require the special real-time mechanisms. The process to run is chosen from the
static priority 0 list based on a dynamic priority that is determined only inside this list. The dynamic priority is
based on the nice value (set by nice(2) or setpriority(2)) and increased for each time quantum the process is ready to
run, but denied to run by the scheduler. This ensures fair progress among all SCHED_OTHER processes.
SCHED_BATCH: Scheduling batch processes
(Since Linux 2.6.16.) SCHED_BATCH can only be used at static priority 0. This policy is similar to SCHED_OTHER in that
it schedules the process according to its dynamic priority (based on the nice value). The difference is that this policy
will cause the scheduler to always assume that the process is CPU-intensive. Consequently, the scheduler will apply a
small scheduling penalty with respect to wakeup behaviour, so that this process is mildly disfavored in scheduling deci-
sions.
This policy is useful for workloads that are noninteractive, but do not want to lower their nice value, and for workloads
that want a deterministic scheduling policy without interactivity causing extra preemptions (between the workload's
tasks).
SCHED_IDLE: Scheduling very low priority jobs
(Since Linux 2.6.23.) SCHED_IDLE can only be used at static priority 0; the process nice value has no influence for this
policy.
This policy is intended for running jobs at extremely low priority (lower even than a +19 nice value with the SCHED_OTHER
or SCHED_BATCH policies).
Resetting scheduling policy for child processes
Since Linux 2.6.32, the SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK flag can be ORed in policy when calling sched_setscheduler(). As a result of
including this flag, children created by fork(2) do not inherit privileged scheduling policies. This feature is intended
for media-playback applications, and can be used to prevent applications evading the RLIMIT_RTTIME resource limit (see
getrlimit(2)) by creating multiple child processes.
More precisely, if the SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK flag is specified, the following rules apply for subsequently created chil-
dren:
* If the calling process has a scheduling policy of SCHED_FIFO or SCHED_RR, the policy is reset to SCHED_OTHER in child
processes.
* If the calling processes has a negative nuce value, the nice value is reset to zero in child processes.
After the SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK flag has been enabled, it can only be reset if the process has the CAP_SYS_NICE capability.
This flag is disabled in child processes created by fork(2).
The SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK flag is visible in the policy value returned by sched_getscheduler()
Privileges and resource limits
In Linux kernels before 2.6.12, only privileged (CAP_SYS_NICE) processes can set a nonzero static priority (i.e., set a
real-time scheduling policy). The only change that an unprivileged process can make is to set the SCHED_OTHER policy,
and this can only be done if the effective user ID of the caller of sched_setscheduler() matches the real or effective
user ID of the target process (i.e., the process specified by pid) whose policy is being changed.
Since Linux 2.6.12, the RLIMIT_RTPRIO resource limit defines a ceiling on an unprivileged process's static priority for
the SCHED_RR and SCHED_FIFO policies. The rules for changing scheduling policy and priority are as follows:
* If an unprivileged process has a nonzero RLIMIT_RTPRIO soft limit, then it can change its scheduling policy and prior-
ity, subject to the restriction that the priority cannot be set to a value higher than the maximum of its current pri-
ority and its RLIMIT_RTPRIO soft limit.
* If the RLIMIT_RTPRIO soft limit is 0, then the only permitted changes are to lower the priority, or to switch to a
non-real-time policy.
* Subject to the same rules, another unprivileged process can also make these changes, as long as the effective user ID
of the process making the change matches the real or effective user ID of the target process.
* Special rules apply for the SCHED_IDLE: an unprivileged process operating under this policy cannot change its policy,
regardless of the value of its RLIMIT_RTPRIO resource limit.
Privileged (CAP_SYS_NICE) processes ignore the RLIMIT_RTPRIO limit; as with older kernels, they can make arbitrary
changes to scheduling policy and priority. See getrlimit(2) for further information on RLIMIT_RTPRIO.
Response time
A blocked high priority process waiting for the I/O has a certain response time before it is scheduled again. The device
driver writer can greatly reduce this response time by using a "slow interrupt" interrupt handler.
Miscellaneous
Child processes inherit the scheduling policy and parameters across a fork(2). The scheduling policy and parameters are
preserved across execve(2).
Memory locking is usually needed for real-time processes to avoid paging delays; this can be done with mlock(2) or mlock-
all(2).
Since a nonblocking infinite loop in a process scheduled under SCHED_FIFO or SCHED_RR will block all processes with lower
priority forever, a software developer should always keep available on the console a shell scheduled under a higher
static priority than the tested application. This will allow an emergency kill of tested real-time applications that do
not block or terminate as expected. See also the description of the RLIMIT_RTTIME resource limit in getrlimit(2).
POSIX systems on which sched_setscheduler() and sched_getscheduler() are available define _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING in
<unistd.h>.
RETURN VALUE
On success, sched_setscheduler() returns zero. On success, sched_getscheduler() returns the policy for the process (a
nonnegative integer). On error, -1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
ERRORS
EINVAL The scheduling policy is not one of the recognized policies, or param does not make sense for the policy.
EPERM The calling process does not have appropriate privileges.
ESRCH The process whose ID is pid could not be found.
CONFORMING TO
POSIX.1-2001 (but see BUGS below). The SCHED_BATCH and SCHED_IDLE policies are Linux-specific.
NOTES
POSIX.1 does not detail the permissions that an unprivileged process requires in order to call sched_setscheduler(), and
details vary across systems. For example, the Solaris 7 manual page says that the real or effective user ID of the call-
ing process must match the real user ID or the save set-user-ID of the target process.
Originally, Standard Linux was intended as a general-purpose operating system being able to handle background processes,
interactive applications, and less demanding real-time applications (applications that need to usually meet timing dead-
lines). Although the Linux kernel 2.6 allowed for kernel preemption and the newly introduced O(1) scheduler ensures that
the time needed to schedule is fixed and deterministic irrespective of the number of active tasks, true real-time comput-
ing was not possible up to kernel version 2.6.17.
Real-time features in the mainline Linux kernel
From kernel version 2.6.18 onwards, however, Linux is gradually becoming equipped with real-time capabilities, most of
which are derived from the former realtime-preempt patches developed by Ingo Molnar, Thomas Gleixner, Steven Rostedt, and
others. Until the patches have been completely merged into the mainline kernel (this is expected to be around kernel
version 2.6.30), they must be installed to achieve the best real-time performance. These patches are named:
patch-kernelversion-rtpatchversion
and can be downloaded from http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/projects/rt/.
Without the patches and prior to their full inclusion into the mainline kernel, the kernel configuration offers only the
three preemption classes CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE, CONFIG_PREEMPT_VOLUNTARY, and CONFIG_PREEMPT_DESKTOP which respectively
provide no, some, and considerable reduction of the worst-case scheduling latency.
With the patches applied or after their full inclusion into the mainline kernel, the additional configuration item CON-
FIG_PREEMPT_RT becomes available. If this is selected, Linux is transformed into a regular real-time operating system.
The FIFO and RR scheduling policies that can be selected using sched_setscheduler() are then used to run a process with
true real-time priority and a minimum worst-case scheduling latency.
BUGS
POSIX says that on success, sched_setscheduler() should return the previous scheduling policy. Linux sched_setsched-
uler() does not conform to this requirement, since it always returns 0 on success.
SEE ALSO
getpriority(2), mlock(2), mlockall(2), munlock(2), munlockall(2), nice(2), sched_get_priority_max(2), sched_get_prior-
ity_min(2), sched_getaffinity(2), sched_getparam(2), sched_rr_get_interval(2), sched_setaffinity(2), sched_setparam(2),
sched_yield(2), setpriority(2), capabilities(7), cpuset(7)
Programming for the real world - POSIX.4 by Bill O. Gallmeister, O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., ISBN 1-56592-074-0
The kernel source file Documentation/scheduler/sched-rt-group.txt (since kernel 2.6.25).
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 3.25 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information about
reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
Linux 2010-06-19 SCHED_SETSCHEDULER(2)
