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SORT(1P) POSIX Programmer's Manual SORT(1P)

PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (con-
sult the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on
Linux.

NAME
sort - sort, merge, or sequence check text files

SYNOPSIS
sort [-m][-o output][-bdfinru][-t char][-k keydef]... [file...]

sort -c [-bdfinru][-t char][-k keydef][file]

DESCRIPTION
The sort utility shall perform one of the following functions:

1. Sort lines of all the named files together and write the result to the specified output.

2. Merge lines of all the named (presorted) files together and write the result to the specified output.

3. Check that a single input file is correctly presorted.

Comparisons shall be based on one or more sort keys extracted from each line of input (or, if no sort keys are specified,
the entire line up to, but not including, the terminating <newline>), and shall be performed using the collating sequence
of the current locale.

OPTIONS
The sort utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax
Guidelines, and the -k keydef option should follow the -b, -d, -f, -i, -n, and -r options.

The following options shall be supported:

-c Check that the single input file is ordered as specified by the arguments and the collating sequence of the cur-
rent locale. No output shall be produced; only the exit code shall be affected.

-m Merge only; the input file shall be assumed to be already sorted.

-o output
Specify the name of an output file to be used instead of the standard output. This file can be the same as one of
the input files.

-u Unique: suppress all but one in each set of lines having equal keys. If used with the -c option, check that there
are no lines with duplicate keys, in addition to checking that the input file is sorted.

The following options shall override the default ordering rules. When ordering options appear independent of any key
field specifications, the requested field ordering rules shall be applied globally to all sort keys. When attached to a
specific key (see -k), the specified ordering options shall override all global ordering options for that key.

-d Specify that only <blank>s and alphanumeric characters, according to the current setting of LC_CTYPE, shall be
significant in comparisons. The behavior is undefined for a sort key to which -i or -n also applies.

-f Consider all lowercase characters that have uppercase equivalents, according to the current setting of LC_CTYPE,
to be the uppercase equivalent for the purposes of comparison.

-i Ignore all characters that are non-printable, according to the current setting of LC_CTYPE.

-n Restrict the sort key to an initial numeric string, consisting of optional <blank>s, optional minus sign, and zero
or more digits with an optional radix character and thousands separators (as defined in the current locale), which
shall be sorted by arithmetic value. An empty digit string shall be treated as zero. Leading zeros and signs on
zeros shall not affect ordering.

-r Reverse the sense of comparisons.

The treatment of field separators can be altered using the options:

-b Ignore leading <blank>s when determining the starting and ending positions of a restricted sort key. If the -b
option is specified before the first -k option, it shall be applied to all -k options. Otherwise, the -b option
can be attached independently to each -k field_start or field_end option-argument (see below).

-t char
Use char as the field separator character; char shall not be considered to be part of a field (although it can be
included in a sort key). Each occurrence of char shall be significant (for example, <char><char> delimits an empty
field). If -t is not specified, <blank>s shall be used as default field separators; each maximal non-empty
sequence of <blank>s that follows a non- <blank> shall be a field separator.

Sort keys can be specified using the options:

-k keydef
The keydef argument is a restricted sort key field definition. The format of this definition is:

field_start[type][,field_end[type]]

where field_start and field_end define a key field restricted to a portion of the line (see the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION sec-
tion), and type is a modifier from the list of characters 'b', 'd', 'f', 'i', 'n', 'r' . The 'b' modifier shall behave
like the -b option, but shall apply only to the field_start or field_end to which it is attached. The other modifiers
shall behave like the corresponding options, but shall apply only to the key field to which they are attached; they shall
have this effect if specified with field_start, field_end, or both. If any modifier is attached to a field_start or to a
field_end, no option shall apply to either. Implementations shall support at least nine occurrences of the -k option,
which shall be significant in command line order. If no -k option is specified, a default sort key of the entire line
shall be used.

When there are multiple key fields, later keys shall be compared only after all earlier keys compare equal. Except when
the -u option is specified, lines that otherwise compare equal shall be ordered as if none of the options -d, -f, -i, -n,
or -k were present (but with -r still in effect, if it was specified) and with all bytes in the lines significant to the
comparison. The order in which lines that still compare equal are written is unspecified.

OPERANDS
The following operand shall be supported:

file A pathname of a file to be sorted, merged, or checked. If no file operands are specified, or if a file operand is
'-', the standard input shall be used.

STDIN
The standard input shall be used only if no file operands are specified, or if a file operand is '-' . See the INPUT
FILES section.

INPUT FILES
The input files shall be text files, except that the sort utility shall add a <newline> to the end of a file ending with
an incomplete last line.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of sort:

LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See the Base Definitions
volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for the precedence of international-
ization variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)

LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.

LC_COLLATE

Determine the locale for ordering rules.

LC_CTYPE
Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-
byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files) and the behavior of character classifica-
tion for the -b, -d, -f, -i, and -n options.

LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to stan-
dard error.

LC_NUMERIC

Determine the locale for the definition of the radix character and thousands separator for the -n option.

NLSPATH
Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES .

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.

STDOUT
Unless the -o or -c options are in effect, the standard output shall contain the sorted input.

STDERR
The standard error shall be used for diagnostic messages. A warning message about correcting an incomplete last line of
an input file may be generated, but need not affect the final exit status.

OUTPUT FILES
If the -o option is in effect, the sorted input shall be written to the file output.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
The notation:

-k field_start[type][,field_end[type]]

shall define a key field that begins at field_start and ends at field_end inclusive, unless field_start falls beyond the
end of the line or after field_end, in which case the key field is empty. A missing field_end shall mean the last charac-
ter of the line.

A field comprises a maximal sequence of non-separating characters and, in the absence of option -t, any preceding field
separator.

The field_start portion of the keydef option-argument shall have the form:

field_number[.first_character]

Fields and characters within fields shall be numbered starting with 1. The field_number and first_character pieces,
interpreted as positive decimal integers, shall specify the first character to be used as part of a sort key. If
.first_character is omitted, it shall refer to the first character of the field.

The field_end portion of the keydef option-argument shall have the form:

field_number[.last_character]

The field_number shall be as described above for field_start. The last_character piece, interpreted as a non-negative
decimal integer, shall specify the last character to be used as part of the sort key. If last_character evaluates to zero
or .last_character is omitted, it shall refer to the last character of the field specified by field_number.

If the -b option or b type modifier is in effect, characters within a field shall be counted from the first non- <blank>
in the field. (This shall apply separately to first_character and last_character.)

EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:

0 All input files were output successfully, or -c was specified and the input file was correctly sorted.

1 Under the -c option, the file was not ordered as specified, or if the -c and -u options were both specified, two
input lines were found with equal keys.

>1 An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Default.

The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE
The default value for -t, <blank>, has different properties from, for example, -t "<space>". If a line contains:

<space><space>foo

the following treatment would occur with default separation as opposed to specifically selecting a <space>:

Field Default -t "<space>"
1 <space><space>foo empty
2 empty empty
3 empty foo

The leading field separator itself is included in a field when -t is not used. For example, this command returns an exit
status of zero, meaning the input was already sorted:

sort -c -k 2 <<eof
y<tab>b
x<space>a
eof

(assuming that a <tab> precedes the <space> in the current collating sequence). The field separator is not included in a
field when it is explicitly set via -t. This is historical practice and allows usage such as:

where the second field can be correctly sorted numerically without regard to the non-numeric field separator.

The wording in the OPTIONS section clarifies that the -b, -d, -f, -i, -n, and -r options have to come before the first
sort key specified if they are intended to apply to all specified keys. The way it is described in this volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 matches historical practice, not historical documentation. The results are unspecified if these
options are specified after a -k option.

The -f option might not work as expected in locales where there is not a one-to-one mapping between an uppercase and a
lowercase letter.

EXAMPLES
1. The following command sorts the contents of infile with the second field as the sort key:

sort -k 2,2 infile

2. The following command sorts, in reverse order, the contents of infile1 and infile2, placing the output in outfile and
using the second character of the second field as the sort key (assuming that the first character of the second field
is the field separator):

sort -r -o outfile -k 2.2,2.2 infile1 infile2

3. The following command sorts the contents of infile1 and infile2 using the second non- <blank> of the second field as
the sort key:

sort -k 2.2b,2.2b infile1 infile2

4. The following command prints the System V password file (user database) sorted by the numeric user ID (the third
colon-separated field):

sort -t : -k 3,3n /etc/passwd

5. The following command prints the lines of the already sorted file infile, suppressing all but one occurrence of lines
having the same third field:

sort -um -k 3.1,3.0 infile

RATIONALE
Examples in some historical documentation state that options -um with one input file keep the first in each set of lines
with equal keys. This behavior was deemed to be an implementation artifact and was not standardized.

The -z option was omitted; it is not standard practice on most systems and is inconsistent with using sort to sort sev-
eral files individually and then merge them together. The text concerning -z in historical documentation appeared to
require implementations to determine the proper buffer length during the sort phase of operation, but not during the
merge.

The -y option was omitted because of non-portability. The -M option, present in System V, was omitted because of non-
portability in international usage.

An undocumented -T option exists in some implementations. It is used to specify a directory for intermediate files.
Implementations are encouraged to support the use of the TMPDIR environment variable instead of adding an option to sup-
port this functionality.

The -k option was added to satisfy two objections. First, the zero-based counting used by sort is not consistent with
other utility conventions. Second, it did not meet syntax guideline requirements.

Historical documentation indicates that "setting -n implies -b". The description of -n already states that optional lead-
ing <blank>s are tolerated in doing the comparison. If -b is enabled, rather than implied, by -n, this has unusual side
effects. When a character offset is used in a column of numbers (for example, to sort modulo 100), that offset is mea-
sured relative to the most significant digit, not to the column. Based upon a recommendation from the author of the orig-
inal sort utility, the -b implication has been omitted from this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, and an application wish-
ing to achieve the previously mentioned side effects has to code the -b flag explicitly.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.

SEE ALSO
comm, join, uniq, the System Interfaces volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, toupper()

COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for
Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copy-
right (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any
discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.open-
group.org/unix/online.html .

IEEE/The Open Group 2003 SORT(1P)