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FWPRINTF(3P) POSIX Programmer's Manual FWPRINTF(3P)
PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (con-
sult the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on
Linux.
NAME
fwprintf, swprintf, wprintf - print formatted wide-character output
SYNOPSIS
#include <stdio.h>
#include <wchar.h>
int fwprintf(FILE *restrict stream, const wchar_t *restrict format, ...);
int swprintf(wchar_t *restrict ws, size_t n,
const wchar_t *restrict format, ...);
int wprintf(const wchar_t *restrict format, ...);
DESCRIPTION
The fwprintf() function shall place output on the named output stream. The wprintf() function shall place output on the
standard output stream stdout. The swprintf() function shall place output followed by the null wide character in consecu-
tive wide characters starting at *ws; no more than n wide characters shall be written, including a terminating null wide
character, which is always added (unless n is zero).
Each of these functions shall convert, format, and print its arguments under control of the format wide-character string.
The format is composed of zero or more directives: ordinary wide-characters, which are simply copied to the output
stream, and conversion specifications, each of which results in the fetching of zero or more arguments. The results are
undefined if there are insufficient arguments for the format. If the format is exhausted while arguments remain, the
excess arguments are evaluated but are otherwise ignored.
Conversions can be applied to the nth argument after the format in the argument list, rather than to the next unused
argument. In this case, the conversion specifier wide character % (see below) is replaced by the sequence "%n$", where n
is a decimal integer in the range [1,{NL_ARGMAX}], giving the position of the argument in the argument list. This feature
provides for the definition of format wide-character strings that select arguments in an order appropriate to specific
languages (see the EXAMPLES section).
The format can contain either numbered argument specifications (that is, "%n$" and "*m$"), or unnumbered argument conver-
sion specifications (that is, % and * ), but not both. The only exception to this is that %% can be mixed with the "%n$"
form. The results of mixing numbered and unnumbered argument specifications in a format wide-character string are unde-
fined. When numbered argument specifications are used, specifying the Nth argument requires that all the leading argu-
ments, from the first to the (N-1)th, are specified in the format wide-character string.
In format wide-character strings containing the "%n$" form of conversion specification, numbered arguments in the argu-
ment list can be referenced from the format wide-character string as many times as required.
In format wide-character strings containing the % form of conversion specification, each argument in the argument list
shall be used exactly once.
All forms of the fwprintf() function allow for the insertion of a locale-dependent radix character in the output string,
output as a wide-character value. The radix character is defined in the program's locale (category LC_NUMERIC ). In the
POSIX locale, or in a locale where the radix character is not defined, the radix character shall default to a period (
'.' ).
Each conversion specification is introduced by the '%' wide character or by the wide-character sequence "%n$", after
which the following appear in sequence:
* Zero or more flags (in any order), which modify the meaning of the conversion specification.
* An optional minimum field width. If the converted value has fewer wide characters than the field width, it shall be
padded with spaces by default on the left; it shall be padded on the right, if the left-adjustment flag ( '-' ),
described below, is given to the field width. The field width takes the form of an asterisk ( '*' ), described below,
or a decimal integer.
* An optional precision that gives the minimum number of digits to appear for the d, i, o, u, x, and X conversion speci-
fiers; the number of digits to appear after the radix character for the a, A, e, E, f, and F conversion specifiers;
the maximum number of significant digits for the g and G conversion specifiers; or the maximum number of wide charac-
ters to be printed from a string in the s conversion specifiers. The precision takes the form of a period ( '.' ) fol-
lowed either by an asterisk ( '*' ), described below, or an optional decimal digit string, where a null digit string
is treated as 0. If a precision appears with any other conversion wide character, the behavior is undefined.
* An optional length modifier that specifies the size of the argument.
* A conversion specifier wide character that indicates the type of conversion to be applied.
A field width, or precision, or both, may be indicated by an asterisk ( '*' ). In this case an argument of type int sup-
plies the field width or precision. Applications shall ensure that arguments specifying field width, or precision, or
both appear in that order before the argument, if any, to be converted. A negative field width is taken as a '-' flag
followed by a positive field width. A negative precision is taken as if the precision were omitted. In format wide-char-
acter strings containing the "%n$" form of a conversion specification, a field width or precision may be indicated by the
sequence "*m$", where m is a decimal integer in the range [1,{NL_ARGMAX}] giving the position in the argument list (after
the format argument) of an integer argument containing the field width or precision, for example:
wprintf(L"%1$d:%2$.*3$d:%4$.*3$d\n", hour, min, precision, sec);
The flag wide characters and their meanings are:
' The integer portion of the result of a decimal conversion ( %i, %d, %u, %f, %F, %g, or %G ) shall be formatted
with thousands' grouping wide characters. For other conversions, the behavior is undefined. The numeric grouping
wide character is used.
- The result of the conversion shall be left-justified within the field. The conversion shall be right-justified if
this flag is not specified.
+ The result of a signed conversion shall always begin with a sign ( '+' or '-' ). The conversion shall begin with a
sign only when a negative value is converted if this flag is not specified.
<space>
If the first wide character of a signed conversion is not a sign, or if a signed conversion results in no wide
characters, a <space> shall be prefixed to the result. This means that if the <space> and '+' flags both appear,
the <space> flag shall be ignored.
# Specifies that the value is to be converted to an alternative form. For o conversion, it increases the precision
(if necessary) to force the first digit of the result to be 0. For x or X conversion specifiers, a non-zero result
shall have 0x (or 0X) prefixed to it. For a, A, e, E, f, F, g, and G conversion specifiers, the result shall
always contain a radix character, even if no digits follow it. Without this flag, a radix character appears in the
result of these conversions only if a digit follows it. For g and G conversion specifiers, trailing zeros shall
not be removed from the result as they normally are. For other conversion specifiers, the behavior is undefined.
0 For d, i, o, u, x, X, a, A, e, E, f, F, g, and G conversion specifiers, leading zeros (following any indication of
sign or base) are used to pad to the field width; no space padding is performed. If the '0' and '-' flags both
appear, the '0' flag shall be ignored. For d, i, o, u, x, and X conversion specifiers, if a precision is speci-
fied, the '0' flag shall be ignored. If the '0' and '" flags both appear, the grouping wide characters are
inserted before zero padding. For other conversions, the behavior is undefined.
The length modifiers and their meanings are:
hh Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a signed char or unsigned char
argument (the argument will have been promoted according to the integer promotions, but its value shall be con-
verted to signed char or unsigned char before printing); or that a following n conversion specifier applies to a
pointer to a signed char argument.
h Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a short or unsigned short argument
(the argument will have been promoted according to the integer promotions, but its value shall be converted to
short or unsigned short before printing); or that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a
short argument.
l (ell)
Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a long or unsigned long argument;
that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a long argument; that a following c conversion
specifier applies to a wint_t argument; that a following s conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a wchar_t
argument; or has no effect on a following a, A, e, E, f, F, g, or G conversion specifier.
ll (ell-ell)
Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a long long or unsigned long long
argument; or that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a long long argument.
j Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to an intmax_t or uintmax_t argument;
or that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to an intmax_t argument.
z Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a size_t or the corresponding
signed integer type argument; or that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a signed integer
type corresponding to a size_t argument.
t Specifies that a following d, i, o, u, x, or X conversion specifier applies to a ptrdiff_t or the corresponding
unsigned type argument; or that a following n conversion specifier applies to a pointer to a ptrdiff_t argument.
L Specifies that a following a, A, e, E, f, F, g, or G conversion specifier applies to a long double argument.
If a length modifier appears with any conversion specifier other than as specified above, the behavior is undefined.
The conversion specifiers and their meanings are:
d, i The int argument shall be converted to a signed decimal in the style "[-]dddd". The precision specifies the mini-
mum number of digits to appear; if the value being converted can be represented in fewer digits, it shall be
expanded with leading zeros. The default precision shall be 1. The result of converting zero with an explicit pre-
cision of zero shall be no wide characters.
o The unsigned argument shall be converted to unsigned octal format in the style "dddd" . The precision specifies
the minimum number of digits to appear; if the value being converted can be represented in fewer digits, it shall
be expanded with leading zeros. The default precision shall be 1. The result of converting zero with an explicit
precision of zero shall be no wide characters.
u The unsigned argument shall be converted to unsigned decimal format in the style "dddd" . The precision specifies
the minimum number of digits to appear; if the value being converted can be represented in fewer digits, it shall
be expanded with leading zeros. The default precision shall be 1. The result of converting zero with an explicit
precision of zero shall be no wide characters.
x The unsigned argument shall be converted to unsigned hexadecimal format in the style "dddd" ; the letters "abcdef"
are used. The precision specifies the minimum number of digits to appear; if the value being converted can be rep-
resented in fewer digits, it shall be expanded with leading zeros. The default precision shall be 1. The result
of converting zero with an explicit precision of zero shall be no wide characters.
X Equivalent to the x conversion specifier, except that letters "ABCDEF" are used instead of "abcdef" .
f, F The double argument shall be converted to decimal notation in the style "[-]ddd.ddd", where the number of digits
after the radix character shall be equal to the precision specification. If the precision is missing, it shall be
taken as 6; if the precision is explicitly zero and no '#' flag is present, no radix character shall appear. If a
radix character appears, at least one digit shall appear before it. The value shall be rounded in an implementa-
tion-defined manner to the appropriate number of digits.
A double argument representing an infinity shall be converted in one of the styles "[-]inf" or "[-]infinity" ; which
style is implementation-defined. A double argument representing a NaN shall be converted in one of the styles "[-]nan" or
"[-]nan(n-char-sequence)"; which style, and the meaning of any n-char-sequence, is implementation-defined. The F conver-
sion specifier produces "INF", "INFINITY", or "NAN" instead of "inf", "infinity", or "nan", respectively.
e, E The double argument shall be converted in the style "[-]d.ddde+-dd", where there shall be one digit before the
radix character (which is non-zero if the argument is non-zero) and the number of digits after it shall be equal
to the precision; if the precision is missing, it shall be taken as 6; if the precision is zero and no '#' flag is
present, no radix character shall appear. The value shall be rounded in an implementation-defined manner to the
appropriate number of digits. The E conversion wide character shall produce a number with 'E' instead of 'e'
introducing the exponent. The exponent shall always contain at least two digits. If the value is zero, the expo-
nent shall be zero.
A double argument representing an infinity or NaN shall be converted in the style of an f or F conversion specifier.
g, G The double argument shall be converted in the style f or e (or in the style F or E in the case of a G conversion
specifier), with the precision specifying the number of significant digits. If an explicit precision is zero, it
shall be taken as 1. The style used depends on the value converted; style e (or E ) shall be used only if the
exponent resulting from such a conversion is less than -4 or greater than or equal to the precision. Trailing
zeros shall be removed from the fractional portion of the result; a radix character shall appear only if it is
followed by a digit.
A double argument representing an infinity or NaN shall be converted in the style of an f or F conversion specifier.
a, A A double argument representing a floating-point number shall be converted in the style "[-]0xh.hhhhp+-d", where
there shall be one hexadecimal digit (which is non-zero if the argument is a normalized floating-point number and
is otherwise unspecified) before the decimal-point wide character and the number of hexadecimal digits after it
shall be equal to the precision; if the precision is missing and FLT_RADIX is a power of 2, then the precision
shall be sufficient for an exact representation of the value; if the precision is missing and FLT_RADIX is not a
power of 2, then the precision shall be sufficient to distinguish values of type double, except that trailing
zeros may be omitted; if the precision is zero and the '#' flag is not specified, no decimal-point wide character
shall appear. The letters "abcdef" are used for a conversion and the letters "ABCDEF" for A conversion. The A
conversion specifier produces a number with 'X' and 'P' instead of 'x' and 'p' . The exponent shall always contain
at least one digit, and only as many more digits as necessary to represent the decimal exponent of 2. If the value
is zero, the exponent shall be zero.
A double argument representing an infinity or NaN shall be converted in the style of an f or F conversion specifier.
c If no l (ell) qualifier is present, the int argument shall be converted to a wide character as if by calling the
btowc() function and the resulting wide character shall be written. Otherwise, the wint_t argument shall be con-
verted to wchar_t, and written.
s If no l (ell) qualifier is present, the application shall ensure that the argument is a pointer to a character
array containing a character sequence beginning in the initial shift state. Characters from the array shall be
converted as if by repeated calls to the mbrtowc() function, with the conversion state described by an mbstate_t
object initialized to zero before the first character is converted, and written up to (but not including) the ter-
minating null wide character. If the precision is specified, no more than that many wide characters shall be writ-
ten. If the precision is not specified, or is greater than the size of the array, the application shall ensure
that the array contains a null wide character.
If an l (ell) qualifier is present, the application shall ensure that the argument is a pointer to an array of type
wchar_t. Wide characters from the array shall be written up to (but not including) a terminating null wide character. If
no precision is specified, or is greater than the size of the array, the application shall ensure that the array contains
a null wide character. If a precision is specified, no more than that many wide characters shall be written.
p The application shall ensure that the argument is a pointer to void. The value of the pointer shall be converted
to a sequence of printable wide characters in an implementation-defined manner.
n The application shall ensure that the argument is a pointer to an integer into which is written the number of wide
characters written to the output so far by this call to one of the fwprintf() functions. No argument shall be con-
verted, but one shall be consumed. If the conversion specification includes any flags, a field width, or a preci-
sion, the behavior is undefined.
C Equivalent to lc .
S Equivalent to ls .
% Output a '%' wide character; no argument shall be converted. The entire conversion specification shall be %% .
If a conversion specification does not match one of the above forms, the behavior is undefined.
In no case does a nonexistent or small field width cause truncation of a field; if the result of a conversion is wider
than the field width, the field shall be expanded to contain the conversion result. Characters generated by fwprintf()
and wprintf() shall be printed as if fputwc() had been called.
For a and A conversions, if FLT_RADIX is not a power of 2 and the result is not exactly representable in the given preci-
sion, the result should be one of the two adjacent numbers in hexadecimal floating style with the given precision, with
the extra stipulation that the error should have a correct sign for the current rounding direction.
For e, E, f, F, g, and G conversion specifiers, if the number of significant decimal digits is at most DECIMAL_DIG, then
the result should be correctly rounded. If the number of significant decimal digits is more than DECIMAL_DIG but the
source value is exactly representable with DECIMAL_DIG digits, then the result should be an exact representation with
trailing zeros. Otherwise, the source value is bounded by two adjacent decimal strings L < U, both having DECIMAL_DIG
significant digits; the value of the resultant decimal string D should satisfy L <= D <= U, with the extra stipulation
that the error should have a correct sign for the current rounding direction.
The st_ctime and st_mtime fields of the file shall be marked for update between the call to a successful execution of
fwprintf() or wprintf() and the next successful completion of a call to fflush() or fclose() on the same stream, or a
call to exit() or abort().
RETURN VALUE
Upon successful completion, these functions shall return the number of wide characters transmitted, excluding the termi-
nating null wide character in the case of swprintf(), or a negative value if an output error was encountered, and set
errno to indicate the error.
If n or more wide characters were requested to be written, swprintf() shall return a negative value, and set errno to
indicate the error.
ERRORS
For the conditions under which fwprintf() and wprintf() fail and may fail, refer to fputwc().
In addition, all forms of fwprintf() may fail if:
EILSEQ A wide-character code that does not correspond to a valid character has been detected.
EINVAL There are insufficient arguments.
In addition, wprintf() and fwprintf() may fail if:
ENOMEM Insufficient storage space is available.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
To print the language-independent date and time format, the following statement could be used:
wprintf(format, weekday, month, day, hour, min);
For American usage, format could be a pointer to the wide-character string:
L"%s, %s %d, %d:%.2d\n"
producing the message:
Sunday, July 3, 10:02
whereas for German usage, format could be a pointer to the wide-character string:
L"%1$s, %3$d. %2$s, %4$d:%5$.2d\n"
producing the message:
Sonntag, 3. Juli, 10:02
APPLICATION USAGE
None.
RATIONALE
None.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
btowc(), fputwc(), fwscanf(), mbrtowc(), setlocale(), the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 7,
Locale, <stdio.h>, <wchar.h>
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for
Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copy-
right (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any
discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.open-
group.org/unix/online.html .
IEEE/The Open Group 2003 FWPRINTF(3P)
