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TCPSLICE(8) TCPSLICE(8)
NAME
tcpslice - extract pieces of and/or merge together tcpdump files
SYNOPSIS
tcpslice [ -DdlRrt ] [ -w file ]
[ start-time [ end-time ] ] file ...
DESCRIPTION
Tcpslice is a program for extracting portions of packet-trace files generated using tcpdump(l)'s -w flag. It can also be
used to merge together several such files, as discussed below.
The basic operation of tcpslice is to copy to stdout all packets from its input file(s) whose timestamps fall within a
given range. The starting and ending times of the range may be specified on the command line. All ranges are inclusive.
The starting time defaults to the earliest time of the first packet in any of the input files; we call this the first
time. The ending time defaults to ten years after the starting time. Thus, the command tcpslice trace-file simply
copies trace-file to stdout (assuming the file does not include more than ten years' worth of data).
There are a number of ways to specify times. The first is using Unix timestamps of the form sssssssss.uuuuuu (this is
the format specified by tcpdump's -tt flag). For example, 654321098.7654 specifies 38 seconds and 765,400 microseconds
after 8:51PM PDT, Sept. 25, 1990.
All examples in this manual are given for PDT times, but when displaying times and interpreting times symbolically as
discussed below, tcpslice uses the local timezone, regardless of the timezone in which the tcpdump file was generated.
The daylight-savings setting used is that which is appropriate for the local timezone at the date in question. For exam-
ple, times associated with summer months will usually include daylight-savings effects, and those with winter months will
not.
Times may also be specified relative to either the first time (when specifying a starting time) or the starting time
(when specifying an ending time) by preceding a numeric value in seconds with a `+'. For example, a starting time of
+200 indicates 200 seconds after the first time, and the two arguments +200 +300 indicate from 200 seconds after the
first time through 500 seconds after the first time.
Times may also be specified in terms of years (y), months (m), days (d), hours (h), minutes (m), seconds (s), and
microseconds(u). For example, the Unix timestamp 654321098.7654 discussed above could also be expressed as
1990y9m25d20h51m38s765400u. 2 or 4 digit years may be used; 2 digits can specify years from 1970 to 2069.
When specifying times using this style, fields that are omitted default as follows. If the omitted field is a unit
greater than that of the first specified field, then its value defaults to the corresponding value taken from either
first time (if the starting time is being specified) or the starting time (if the ending time is being specified). If
the omitted field is a unit less than that of the first specified field, then it defaults to zero. For example, suppose
that the input file has a first time of the Unix timestamp mentioned above, i.e., 38 seconds and 765,400 microseconds
after 8:51PM PDT, Sept. 25, 1990. To specify 9:36PM PDT (exactly) on the same date we could use 21h36m. To specify a
range from 9:36PM PDT through 1:54AM PDT the next day we could use 21h36m 26d1h54m.
Relative times can also be specified when using the ymdhmsu format. Omitted fields then default to 0 if the unit of the
field is greater than that of the first specified field, and to the corresponding value taken from either the first time
or the starting time if the omitted field's unit is less than that of the first specified field. Given a first time of
the Unix timestamp mentioned above, 22h +1h10m specifies a range from 10:00PM PDT on that date through 11:10PM PDT, and
+1h +1h10m specifies a range from 38.7654 seconds after 9:51PM PDT through 38.7654 seconds after 11:01PM PDT. The first
hour of the file could be extracted using +0 +1h.
Note that with the ymdhmsu format there is an ambiguity between using m for `month' or for `minute'. The ambiguity is
resolved as follows: if an m field is followed by a d field then it is interpreted as specifying months; otherwise it
specifies minutes.
If more than one input file is specified then tcpslice merges the packets from the various input files into the single
output file. Normally, this merge is done based on the value of the timestamps in the packets in the individual files.
(Tcpslice assumes that within each input file, packets are in timestamp order.) If the -l option is used, the value used
for ordering is the timestamp of a given packet minus the timestamp of the first packet in the input file in which the
given packet occurs.
When merging files, by default tcpslice will discard any duplicate packet it finds in more than one file. A duplicate is
a packet that has an identical timestamp (either relative or absolute) and identical packet contents (for as much as was
captured) as another packet previously seen in a different file. Note that it is possible for the network to generate
true replicates of packets, and for systems that can return the same timestamp for multiple packets, these can be mis-
taken for duplicates and discarded. Accordingly, tcpslice will not discard duplicates in the same trace file. In addi-
tion, you can use the -D option to suppress any discarding of duplicates.
A different issue arises if a file contains timestamps that skip backwards. tcpslice will include these in the output,
even if they precede the minimum time requested. There should probably be an option to suppress these.
Another problem relating to backwards timestamps is that tcpslice uses random access to seek through a file looking for
packets corresponding to the desired range of time. While doing so leads to a major performance benefit for very large
trace files, it also means that in the presence of backwards timestamps tcpslice can fail to find the true earliest
occurrence of a packet matching the time interval criteria. There should probably be an option to specify not to use
random access but just read the file linearly.
OPTIONS
If any of -R, -r or -t are specified then tcpslice reports the timestamps of the first and last packets in each input
file and exits. Only one of these three options may be specified.
-D Do not discard duplicate packets seen when merging multiple trace files.
-d Dump the start and end times specified by the given range and exit. This option is useful for checking that the
given range actually specifies the times you think it does. If one of -R, -r or -t has been specified then the
times are dumped in the corresponding format; otherwise, raw format ( -R) is used.
-l When merging more than one file, merge on the basis of relative time, rather than absolute time. Normally, when
merging files is done, packets are merged based on absolute timestamps. With -l packets are merged based on the
relative time between the start of the file in which the packet is found and the timestamp of the packet itself.
The timestamp of packets in the output file is calculated as the relative time for the packet within its file plus
first time.
-R Dump the timestamps of the first and last packets in each input file as raw timestamps (i.e., in the form
sssssssss.uuuuuu).
-r Same as -R except the timestamps are dumped in human-readable format, similar to that used by date(1).
-t Same as -R except the timestamps are dumped in tcpslice format, i.e., in the ymdhmsu format discussed above.
-w Direct the output to file rather than stdout.
SEE ALSO
tcpdump(l)
AUTHOR
Vern Paxson, of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
The current version is available via anonymous ftp:
ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/tcpslice.tar.Z
BUGS
Please send bug reports to tcpsliceATee.gov.
An input filename that beings with a digit or a `+' can be confused with a start/end time. Such filenames can be speci-
fied with a leading `./'; for example, specify the file `04Jul76.trace' as `./04Jul76.trace'.
tcpslice cannot read its input from stdin, since it uses random-access to rummage through its input files.
tcpslice refuses to write to its output if it is a terminal (as indicated by isatty(3)). This is not a bug but a fea-
ture, to prevent it from spraying binary data to the user's terminal. Note that this means you must either redirect std-
out or specify an output file via -w.
tcpslice will not work properly on tcpdump files spanning more than one year; with files containing portions of packets
whose original length was more than 65,535 bytes; nor with files containing fewer than two packets. Such files result in
the error message: `couldn't find final packet in file'. These problems are due to the interpolation scheme used by tcp-
slice to greatly speed up its processing when dealing with large trace files. Note that tcpslice can efficiently extract
slices from the middle of trace files of any size, and can also work with truncated trace files (i.e., the final packet
in the file is only partially present, typically due to tcpdump being ungracefully killed).
Adding -l has broken some compatibility with older versions, since tcpslice now merges its input files, rather than
(approximately) concatenating them together as it did previously.
It would sometimes be convenient if you could specify a clock offset to use with the -l option.
It would be nice if tcpslice supported more general editing of trace files.
24 February 2000 TCPSLICE(8)
