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TRAP(1P) POSIX Programmer's Manual TRAP(1P)

PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (con-
sult the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may not be implemented on
Linux.

NAME
trap - trap signals

SYNOPSIS
trap [action condition ...]

DESCRIPTION
If action is '-', the shell shall reset each condition to the default value. If action is null ( "" ), the shell shall
ignore each specified condition if it arises. Otherwise, the argument action shall be read and executed by the shell when
one of the corresponding conditions arises. The action of trap shall override a previous action (either default action or
one explicitly set). The value of "$?" after the trap action completes shall be the value it had before trap was invoked.

The condition can be EXIT, 0 (equivalent to EXIT), or a signal specified using a symbolic name, without the SIG prefix,
as listed in the tables of signal names in the <signal.h> header defined in the Base Definitions volume of
IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter 13, Headers; for example, HUP, INT, QUIT, TERM. Implementations may permit names with the
SIG prefix or ignore case in signal names as an extension. Setting a trap for SIGKILL or SIGSTOP produces undefined
results.

The environment in which the shell executes a trap on EXIT shall be identical to the environment immediately after the
last command executed before the trap on EXIT was taken.

Each time trap is invoked, the action argument shall be processed in a manner equivalent to:

eval action

Signals that were ignored on entry to a non-interactive shell cannot be trapped or reset, although no error need be
reported when attempting to do so. An interactive shell may reset or catch signals ignored on entry. Traps shall remain
in place for a given shell until explicitly changed with another trap command.

When a subshell is entered, traps that are not being ignored are set to the default actions. This does not imply that the
trap command cannot be used within the subshell to set new traps.

The trap command with no arguments shall write to standard output a list of commands associated with each condition. The
format shall be:

"trap -- %s %s ...\n", <action>, <condition> ...

The shell shall format the output, including the proper use of quoting, so that it is suitable for reinput to the shell
as commands that achieve the same trapping results. For example:

save_traps=$(trap)
...
eval "$save_traps"

XSI-conformant systems also allow numeric signal numbers for the conditions corresponding to the following signal names:

Signal Number Signal Name
1 SIGHUP
2 SIGINT
3 SIGQUIT
6 SIGABRT
9 SIGKILL
14 SIGALRM

15 SIGTERM

The trap special built-in shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Section 12.2, Utility
Syntax Guidelines.

OPTIONS
None.

OPERANDS
See the DESCRIPTION.

STDIN
Not used.

INPUT FILES
None.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
None.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.

STDOUT
See the DESCRIPTION.

STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES
None.

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.

EXIT STATUS
If the trap name or number is invalid, a non-zero exit status shall be returned; otherwise, zero shall be returned.
For both interactive and non-interactive shells, invalid signal names or numbers shall not be considered a syntax error
and do not cause the shell to abort.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Default.

The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE
None.

EXAMPLES
Write out a list of all traps and actions:

trap

Set a trap so the logout utility in the directory referred to by the HOME environment variable executes when the shell
terminates:

trap '$HOME/logout' EXIT

or:

trap '$HOME/logout' 0

Unset traps on INT, QUIT, TERM, and EXIT:

trap - INT QUIT TERM EXIT

RATIONALE
Implementations may permit lowercase signal names as an extension. Implementations may also accept the names with the
SIG prefix; no known historical shell does so. The trap and kill utilities in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 are now
consistent in their omission of the SIG prefix for signal names. Some kill implementations do not allow the prefix, and
kill -l lists the signals without prefixes.

Trapping SIGKILL or SIGSTOP is syntactically accepted by some historical implementations, but it has no effect. Portable
POSIX applications cannot attempt to trap these signals.

The output format is not historical practice. Since the output of historical trap commands is not portable (because
numeric signal values are not portable) and had to change to become so, an opportunity was taken to format the output in
a way that a shell script could use to save and then later reuse a trap if it wanted.

The KornShell uses an ERR trap that is triggered whenever set -e would cause an exit. This is allowable as an extension,
but was not mandated, as other shells have not used it.

The text about the environment for the EXIT trap invalidates the behavior of some historical versions of interactive
shells which, for example, close the standard input before executing a trap on 0. For example, in some historical inter-
active shell sessions the following trap on 0 would always print "--" :

trap 'read foo; echo "-$foo-"' 0

FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.