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XZ(1) XZ Utils XZ(1)

NAME
xz, unxz, xzcat, lzma, unlzma, lzcat - Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files

SYNOPSIS
xz [option]... [file]...

unxz is equivalent to xz --decompress.
xzcat is equivalent to xz --decompress --stdout.
lzma is equivalent to xz --format=lzma.
unlzma is equivalent to xz --format=lzma --decompress.
lzcat is equivalent to xz --format=lzma --decompress --stdout.

When writing scripts that need to decompress files, it is recommended to always use the name xz with appropriate argu-
ments (xz -d or xz -dc) instead of the names unxz and xzcat.

DESCRIPTION
xz is a general-purpose data compression tool with command line syntax similar to gzip(1) and bzip2(1). The native file
format is the .xz format, but also the legacy .lzma format and raw compressed streams with no container format headers
are supported.

xz compresses or decompresses each file according to the selected operation mode. If no files are given or file is -, xz
reads from standard input and writes the processed data to standard output. xz will refuse (display an error and skip
the file) to write compressed data to standard output if it is a terminal. Similarly, xz will refuse to read compressed
data from standard input if it is a terminal.

Unless --stdout is specified, files other than - are written to a new file whose name is derived from the source file
name:

o When compressing, the suffix of the target file format (.xz or .lzma) is appended to the source filename to get the
target filename.

o When decompressing, the .xz or .lzma suffix is removed from the filename to get the target filename. xz also recog-
nizes the suffixes .txz and .tlz, and replaces them with the .tar suffix.

If the target file already exists, an error is displayed and the file is skipped.

Unless writing to standard output, xz will display a warning and skip the file if any of the following applies:

o File is not a regular file. Symbolic links are not followed, thus they are not considered to be regular files.

o File has more than one hard link.

o File has setuid, setgid, or sticky bit set.

o The operation mode is set to compress, and the file already has a suffix of the target file format (.xz or .txz when
compressing to the .xz format, and .lzma or .tlz when compressing to the .lzma format).

o The operation mode is set to decompress, and the file doesn't have a suffix of any of the supported file formats (.xz,
.txz, .lzma, or .tlz).

After successfully compressing or decompressing the file, xz copies the owner, group, permissions, access time, and modi-
fication time from the source file to the target file. If copying the group fails, the permissions are modified so that
the target file doesn't become accessible to users who didn't have permission to access the source file. xz doesn't sup-
port copying other metadata like access control lists or extended attributes yet.

Once the target file has been successfully closed, the source file is removed unless --keep was specified. The source
file is never removed if the output is written to standard output.

Sending SIGINFO or SIGUSR1 to the xz process makes it print progress information to standard error. This has only lim-
ited use since when standard error is a terminal, using --verbose will display an automatically updating progress indica-
tor.

Memory usage
The memory usage of xz varies from a few hundred kilobytes to several gigabytes depending on the compression settings.
The settings used when compressing a file affect also the memory usage of the decompressor. Typically the decompressor
needs only 5 % to 20 % of the amount of RAM that the compressor needed when creating the file. Still, the worst-case mem-
ory usage of the decompressor is several gigabytes.

To prevent uncomfortable surprises caused by huge memory usage, xz has a built-in memory usage limiter. While some oper-
ating systems provide ways to limit the memory usage of processes, relying on it wasn't deemed to be flexible enough. The
default limit depends on the total amount of physical RAM:

o If 40 % of RAM is at least 80 MiB, 40 % of RAM is used as the limit.

o If 80 % of RAM is over 80 MiB, 80 MiB is used as the limit.

o Otherwise 80 % of RAM is used as the limit.

When compressing, if the selected compression settings exceed the memory usage limit, the settings are automatically
adjusted downwards and a notice about this is displayed. As an exception, if the memory usage limit is exceeded when com-
pressing with --format=raw, an error is displayed and xz will exit with exit status 1.

If source file cannot be decompressed without exceeding the memory usage limit, an error message is displayed and the
file is skipped. Note that compressed files may contain many blocks, which may have been compressed with different set-
tings. Typically all blocks will have roughly the same memory requirements, but it is possible that a block later in the
file will exceed the memory usage limit, and an error about too low memory usage limit gets displayed after some data has
already been decompressed.

The absolute value of the active memory usage limit can be seen with --info-memory or near the bottom of the output of
--long-help. The default limit can be overridden with --memory=limit.

OPTIONS
Integer suffixes and special values
In most places where an integer argument is expected, an optional suffix is supported to easily indicate large integers.
There must be no space between the integer and the suffix.

KiB The integer is multiplied by 1,024 (2^10). Also Ki, k, kB, K, and KB are accepted as synonyms for KiB.

MiB The integer is multiplied by 1,048,576 (2^20). Also Mi, m, M, and MB are accepted as synonyms for MiB.

GiB The integer is multiplied by 1,073,741,824 (2^30). Also Gi, g, G, and GB are accepted as synonyms for GiB.

A special value max can be used to indicate the maximum integer value supported by the option.

Operation mode
If multiple operation mode options are given, the last one takes effect.

-z, --compress
Compress. This is the default operation mode when no operation mode option is specified, and no other operation
mode is implied from the command name (for example, unxz implies --decompress).

-d, --decompress, --uncompress
Decompress.

-t, --test
Test the integrity of compressed files. No files are created or removed. This option is equivalent to --decom-
press --stdout except that the decompressed data is discarded instead of being written to standard output.

-l, --list
View information about the compressed files. No uncompressed output is produced, and no files are created or
removed. In list mode, the program cannot read the compressed data from standard input or from other unseekable
sources.

This feature has not been implemented yet.

Operation modifiers
-k, --keep
Keep (don't delete) the input files.

-f, --force
This option has several effects:

o If the target file already exists, delete it before compressing or decompressing.

o Compress or decompress even if the input is a symbolic link to a regular file, has more than one hard link, or
has setuid, setgid, or sticky bit set. The setuid, setgid, and sticky bits are not copied to the target file.

o If combined with --decompress --stdout and xz doesn't recognize the type of the source file, xz will copy the
source file as is to standard output. This allows using xzcat --force like cat(1) for files that have not been
compressed with xz. Note that in future, xz might support new compressed file formats, which may make xz
decompress more types of files instead of copying them as is to standard output. --format=format can be used
to restrict xz to decompress only a single file format.

-c, --stdout, --to-stdout
Write the compressed or decompressed data to standard output instead of a file. This implies --keep.

--no-sparse
Disable creation of sparse files. By default, if decompressing into a regular file, xz tries to make the file
sparse if the decompressed data contains long sequences of binary zeros. It works also when writing to standard
output as long as standard output is connected to a regular file, and certain additional conditions are met to
make it safe. Creating sparse files may save disk space and speed up the decompression by reducing the amount of
disk I/O.

-S .suf, --suffix=.suf
When compressing, use .suf as the suffix for the target file instead of .xz or .lzma. If not writing to standard
output and the source file already has the suffix .suf, a warning is displayed and the file is skipped.

When decompressing, recognize also files with the suffix .suf in addition to files with the .xz, .txz, .lzma, or
.tlz suffix. If the source file has the suffix .suf, the suffix is removed to get the target filename.

When compressing or decompressing raw streams (--format=raw), the suffix must always be specified unless writing
to standard output, because there is no default suffix for raw streams.

--files[=file]
Read the filenames to process from file; if file is omitted, filenames are read from standard input. Filenames
must be terminated with the newline character. A dash (-) is taken as a regular filename; it doesn't mean standard
input. If filenames are given also as command line arguments, they are processed before the filenames read from
file.

--files0[=file]
This is identical to --files[=file] except that the filenames must be terminated with the null character.

Basic file format and compression options
-F format, --format=format
Specify the file format to compress or decompress:

o auto: This is the default. When compressing, auto is equivalent to xz. When decompressing, the format of the
input file is automatically detected. Note that raw streams (created with --format=raw) cannot be auto-
detected.

o xz: Compress to the .xz file format, or accept only .xz files when decompressing.

o lzma or alone: Compress to the legacy .lzma file format, or accept only .lzma files when decompressing. The
alternative name alone is provided for backwards compatibility with LZMA Utils.

o raw: Compress or uncompress a raw stream (no headers). This is meant for advanced users only. To decode raw
streams, you need to set not only --format=raw but also specify the filter chain, which would normally be
stored in the container format headers.

-C check, --check=check
Specify the type of the integrity check, which is calculated from the uncompressed data. This option has an effect
only when compressing into the .xz format; the .lzma format doesn't support integrity checks. The integrity check
(if any) is verified when the .xz file is decompressed.

Supported check types:

o none: Don't calculate an integrity check at all. This is usually a bad idea. This can be useful when integrity
of the data is verified by other means anyway.

o crc32: Calculate CRC32 using the polynomial from IEEE-802.3 (Ethernet).

o crc64: Calculate CRC64 using the polynomial from ECMA-182. This is the default, since it is slightly better
than CRC32 at detecting damaged files and the speed difference is negligible.

o sha256: Calculate SHA-256. This is somewhat slower than CRC32 and CRC64.

Integrity of the .xz headers is always verified with CRC32. It is not possible to change or disable it.

-0 ... -9
Select compression preset. If a preset level is specified multiple times, the last one takes effect.

The compression preset levels can be categorised roughly into three categories:

-0 ... -2
Fast presets with relatively low memory usage. -1 and -2 should give compression speed and ratios compara-
ble to bzip2 -1 and bzip2 -9, respectively. Currently -0 is not very good (not much faster than -1 but
much worse compression). In future, -0 may be indicate some fast algorithm instead of LZMA2.

-3 ... -5
Good compression ratio with low to medium memory usage. These are significantly slower than levels 0-2.

-6 ... -9
Excellent compression with medium to high memory usage. These are also slower than the lower preset levels.
The default is -6. Unless you want to maximize the compression ratio, you probably don't want a higher
preset level than -7 due to speed and memory usage.

The exact compression settings (filter chain) used by each preset may vary between xz versions. The settings may
also vary between files being compressed, if xz determines that modified settings will probably give better com-
pression ratio without significantly affecting compression time or memory usage.

Because the settings may vary, the memory usage may vary too. The following table lists the maximum memory usage
of each preset level, which won't be exceeded even in future versions of xz.

FIXME: The table below is just a rough idea.

Preset Compression Decompression
-0 6 MiB 1 MiB
-1 6 MiB 1 MiB
-2 10 MiB 1 MiB
-3 20 MiB 2 MiB
-4 30 MiB 3 MiB
-5 60 MiB 6 MiB
-6 100 MiB 10 MiB
-7 200 MiB 20 MiB
-8 400 MiB 40 MiB
-9 800 MiB 80 MiB

When compressing, xz automatically adjusts the compression settings downwards if the memory usage limit would be
exceeded, so it is safe to specify a high preset level even on systems that don't have lots of RAM.

--fast and --best
These are somewhat misleading aliases for -0 and -9, respectively. These are provided only for backwards compati-
bility with LZMA Utils. Avoid using these options.

Especially the name of --best is misleading, because the definition of best depends on the input data, and that
usually people don't want the very best compression ratio anyway, because it would be very slow.

-e, --extreme
Modify the compression preset (-0 ... -9) so that a little bit better compression ratio can be achieved without
increasing memory usage of the compressor or decompressor (exception: compressor memory usage may increase a lit-
tle with presets -0 ... -2). The downside is that the compression time will increase dramatically (it can easily
double).

-M limit, --memory=limit
Set the memory usage limit. If this option is specified multiple times, the last one takes effect. The limit can
be specified in multiple ways:

o The limit can be an absolute value in bytes. Using an integer suffix like MiB can be useful. Example: --mem-
ory=80MiB

o The limit can be specified as a percentage of physical RAM. Example: --memory=70%

o The limit can be reset back to its default value by setting it to 0. See the section Memory usage for how the
default limit is defined.

o The memory usage limiting can be effectively disabled by setting limit to max. This isn't recommended. It's
usually better to use, for example, --memory=90%.

The current limit can be seen near the bottom of the output of the --long-help option.

-T threads, --threads=threads
Specify the maximum number of worker threads to use. The default is the number of available CPU cores. You can see
the current value of threads near the end of the output of the --long-help option.

The actual number of worker threads can be less than threads if using more threads would exceed the memory usage
limit. In addition to CPU-intensive worker threads, xz may use a few auxiliary threads, which don't use a lot of
CPU time.

Multithreaded compression and decompression are not implemented yet, so this option has no effect for now.

Custom compressor filter chains
A custom filter chain allows specifying the compression settings in detail instead of relying on the settings associated
to the preset levels. When a custom filter chain is specified, the compression preset level options (-0 ... -9 and
--extreme) are silently ignored.

A filter chain is comparable to piping on the UN*X command line. When compressing, the uncompressed input goes to the
first filter, whose output goes to the next filter (if any). The output of the last filter gets written to the compressed
file. The maximum number of filters in the chain is four, but typically a filter chain has only one or two filters.

Many filters have limitations where they can be in the filter chain: some filters can work only as the last filter in the
chain, some only as a non-last filter, and some work in any position in the chain. Depending on the filter, this limita-
tion is either inherent to the filter design or exists to prevent security issues.

A custom filter chain is specified by using one or more filter options in the order they are wanted in the filter chain.
That is, the order of filter options is significant! When decoding raw streams (--format=raw), the filter chain is speci-
fied in the same order as it was specified when compressing.

Filters take filter-specific options as a comma-separated list. Extra commas in options are ignored. Every option has a
default value, so you need to specify only those you want to change.

--lzma1[=options], --lzma2[=options]
Add LZMA1 or LZMA2 filter to the filter chain. These filter can be used only as the last filter in the chain.

LZMA1 is a legacy filter, which is supported almost solely due to the legacy .lzma file format, which supports
only LZMA1. LZMA2 is an updated version of LZMA1 to fix some practical issues of LZMA1. The .xz format uses LZMA2,
and doesn't support LZMA1 at all. Compression speed and ratios of LZMA1 and LZMA2 are practically the same.

LZMA1 and LZMA2 share the same set of options:

preset=preset
Reset all LZMA1 or LZMA2 options to preset. Preset consist of an integer, which may be followed by single-
letter preset modifiers. The integer can be from 0 to 9, matching the command line options -0 ... -9. The
only supported modifier is currently e, which matches --extreme.

The default preset is 6, from which the default values for the rest of the LZMA1 or LZMA2 options are
taken.

dict=size
Dictionary (history buffer) size indicates how many bytes of the recently processed uncompressed data is
kept in memory. One method to reduce size of the uncompressed data is to store distance-length pairs, which
indicate what data to repeat from the dictionary buffer. The bigger the dictionary, the better the compres-
sion ratio usually is, but dictionaries bigger than the uncompressed data are waste of RAM.

Typical dictionary size is from 64 KiB to 64 MiB. The minimum is 4 KiB. The maximum for compression is
currently 1.5 GiB. The decompressor already supports dictionaries up to one byte less than 4 GiB, which is
the maximum for LZMA1 and LZMA2 stream formats.

Dictionary size has the biggest effect on compression ratio. Dictionary size and match finder together
determine the memory usage of the LZMA1 or LZMA2 encoder. The same dictionary size is required for decom-
pressing that was used when compressing, thus the memory usage of the decoder is determined by the dictio-
nary size used when compressing.

lc=lc Specify the number of literal context bits. The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 4; the default is 3. In
addition, the sum of lc and lp must not exceed 4.

lp=lp Specify the number of literal position bits. The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 4; the default is 0.

pb=pb Specify the number of position bits. The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 4; the default is 2.

mode=mode
Compression mode specifies the function used to analyze the data produced by the match finder. Supported
modes are fast and normal. The default is fast for presets 0-2 and normal for presets 3-9.

mf=mf Match finder has a major effect on encoder speed, memory usage, and compression ratio. Usually Hash Chain
match finders are faster than Binary Tree match finders. Hash Chains are usually used together with
mode=fast and Binary Trees with mode=normal. The memory usage formulas are only rough estimates, which are
closest to reality when dict is a power of two.

hc3 Hash Chain with 2- and 3-byte hashing
Minimum value for nice: 3
Memory usage: dict * 7.5 (if dict <= 16 MiB);
dict * 5.5 + 64 MiB (if dict > 16 MiB)

hc4 Hash Chain with 2-, 3-, and 4-byte hashing
Minimum value for nice: 4
Memory usage: dict * 7.5

bt2 Binary Tree with 2-byte hashing
Minimum value for nice: 2
Memory usage: dict * 9.5

bt3 Binary Tree with 2- and 3-byte hashing
Minimum value for nice: 3
Memory usage: dict * 11.5 (if dict <= 16 MiB);
dict * 9.5 + 64 MiB (if dict > 16 MiB)

bt4 Binary Tree with 2-, 3-, and 4-byte hashing
Minimum value for nice: 4
Memory usage: dict * 11.5

nice=nice
Specify what is considered to be a nice length for a match. Once a match of at least nice bytes is found,
the algorithm stops looking for possibly better matches.

nice can be 2-273 bytes. Higher values tend to give better compression ratio at expense of speed. The
default depends on the preset level.

depth=depth
Specify the maximum search depth in the match finder. The default is the special value 0, which makes the
compressor determine a reasonable depth from mf and nice.

Using very high values for depth can make the encoder extremely slow with carefully crafted files. Avoid
setting the depth over 1000 unless you are prepared to interrupt the compression in case it is taking too
long.

When decoding raw streams (--format=raw), LZMA2 needs only the value of dict. LZMA1 needs also lc, lp, and pb.

--x86[=options]

--powerpc[=options]

--ia64[=options]

--arm[=options]

--armthumb[=options]

--sparc[=options]
Add a branch/call/jump (BCJ) filter to the filter chain. These filters can be used only as non-last filter in the
filter chain.

A BCJ filter converts relative addresses in the machine code to their absolute counterparts. This doesn't change
the size of the data, but it increases redundancy, which allows e.g. LZMA2 to get better compression ratio.

The BCJ filters are always reversible, so using a BCJ filter for wrong type of data doesn't cause any data loss.
However, applying a BCJ filter for wrong type of data is a bad idea, because it tends to make the compression
ratio worse.

Different instruction sets have have different alignment:

Filter Alignment Notes
x86 1 32-bit and 64-bit x86
PowerPC 4 Big endian only
ARM 4 Little endian only
ARM-Thumb 2 Little endian only
IA-64 16 Big or little endian
SPARC 4 Big or little endian

Since the BCJ-filtered data is usually compressed with LZMA2, the compression ratio may be improved slightly if
the LZMA2 options are set to match the alignment of the selected BCJ filter. For example, with the IA-64 filter,
it's good to set pb=4 with LZMA2 (2^4=16). The x86 filter is an exception; it's usually good to stick to LZMA2's
default four-byte alignment when compressing x86 executables.

All BCJ filters support the same options:

start=offset
Specify the start offset that is used when converting between relative and absolute addresses. The offset
must be a multiple of the alignment of the filter (see the table above). The default is zero. In practice,
the default is good; specifying a custom offset is almost never useful.

Specifying a non-zero start offset is probably useful only if the executable has multiple sections, and
there are many cross-section jumps or calls. Applying a BCJ filter separately for each section with proper
start offset and then compressing the result as a single chunk may give some improvement in compression
ratio compared to applying the BCJ filter with the default offset for the whole executable.

--delta[=options]
Add Delta filter to the filter chain. The Delta filter can be used only as non-last filter in the filter chain.

Currently only simple byte-wise delta calculation is supported. It can be useful when compressing e.g. uncom-
pressed bitmap images or uncompressed PCM audio. However, special purpose algorithms may give significantly better
results than Delta + LZMA2. This is true especially with audio, which compresses faster and better e.g. with FLAC.

Supported options:

dist=distance
Specify the distance of the delta calculation as bytes. distance must be 1-256. The default is 1.

For example, with dist=2 and eight-byte input A1 B1 A2 B3 A3 B5 A4 B7, the output will be A1 B1 01 02 01 02
01 02.

Other options
-q, --quiet
Suppress warnings and notices. Specify this twice to suppress errors too. This option has no effect on the exit
status. That is, even if a warning was suppressed, the exit status to indicate a warning is still used.

-v, --verbose
Be verbose. If standard error is connected to a terminal, xz will display a progress indicator. Specifying --ver-
bose twice will give even more verbose output (useful mostly for debugging).

The progress indicator shows the following information:

o Completion percentage is shown if the size of the input file is known. That is, percentage cannot be shown in
pipes.

o Amount of compressed data produced (compressing) or consumed (decompressing).

o Amount of uncompressed data consumed (compressing) or produced (decompressing).

o Compression ratio, which is calculated by dividing the amount of compressed data processed so far by the amount
of uncompressed data processed so far.

o Compression or decompression speed. This is measured as the amount of uncompressed data consumed (compression)
or produced (decompression) per second. It is shown once a few seconds have passed since xz started processing
the file.

o Elapsed time or estimated time remaining. Elapsed time is displayed in the format M:SS or H:MM:SS. The esti-
mated remaining time is displayed in a less precise format which never has colons, for example, 2 min 30 s. The
estimate can be shown only when the size of the input file is known and a couple of seconds have already passed
since xz started processing the file.

When standard error is not a terminal, --verbose will make xz print the filename, compressed size, uncompressed
size, compression ratio, speed, and elapsed time on a single line to standard error after compressing or decom-
pressing the file. If operating took at least a few seconds, also the speed and elapsed time are printed. If the
operation didn't finish, for example due to user interruption, also the completion percentage is printed if the
size of the input file is known.

-Q, --no-warn
Don't set the exit status to 2 even if a condition worth a warning was detected. This option doesn't affect the
verbosity level, thus both --quiet and --no-warn have to be used to not display warnings and to not alter the exit
status.

--robot
Print messages in a machine-parsable format. This is intended to ease writing frontends that want to use xz
instead of liblzma, which may be the case with various scripts. The output with this option enabled is meant to be
stable across xz releases. Currently --robot is implemented only for --info-memory and --version, but the idea is
to make it usable for actual compression and decompression too.

--info-memory
Display the current memory usage limit in human-readable format on a single line, and exit successfully. To see
how much RAM xz thinks your system has, use --memory=100% --info-memory. To get machine-parsable output (memory
usage limit as bytes without thousand separators), specify --robot before --info-memory.

-h, --help
Display a help message describing the most commonly used options, and exit successfully.

-H, --long-help
Display a help message describing all features of xz, and exit successfully

-V, --version
Display the version number of xz and liblzma in human readable format. To get machine-parsable output, specify
--robot before --version.

EXIT STATUS
0 All is good.

1 An error occurred.

2 Something worth a warning occurred, but no actual errors occurred.

Notices (not warnings or errors) printed on standard error don't affect the exit status.

ENVIRONMENT
XZ_OPT A space-separated list of options is parsed from XZ_OPT before parsing the options given on the command line. Note
that only options are parsed from XZ_OPT; all non-options are silently ignored. Parsing is done with
getopt_long(3) which is used also for the command line arguments.

LZMA UTILS COMPATIBILITY
The command line syntax of xz is practically a superset of lzma, unlzma, and lzcat as found from LZMA Utils 4.32.x. In
most cases, it is possible to replace LZMA Utils with XZ Utils without breaking existing scripts. There are some incom-
patibilities though, which may sometimes cause problems.

Compression preset levels
The numbering of the compression level presets is not identical in xz and LZMA Utils. The most important difference is
how dictionary sizes are mapped to different presets. Dictionary size is roughly equal to the decompressor memory usage.

Level xz LZMA Utils
-1 64 KiB 64 KiB
-2 512 KiB 1 MiB
-3 1 MiB 512 KiB
-4 2 MiB 1 MiB
-5 4 MiB 2 MiB
-6 8 MiB 4 MiB
-7 16 MiB 8 MiB
-8 32 MiB 16 MiB
-9 64 MiB 32 MiB

The dictionary size differences affect the compressor memory usage too, but there are some other differences between LZMA
Utils and XZ Utils, which make the difference even bigger:

Level xz LZMA Utils 4.32.x
-1 2 MiB 2 MiB
-2 5 MiB 12 MiB
-3 13 MiB 12 MiB
-4 25 MiB 16 MiB
-5 48 MiB 26 MiB
-6 94 MiB 45 MiB
-7 186 MiB 83 MiB
-8 370 MiB 159 MiB
-9 674 MiB 311 MiB

The default preset level in LZMA Utils is -7 while in XZ Utils it is -6, so both use 8 MiB dictionary by default.

Streamed vs. non-streamed .lzma files
Uncompressed size of the file can be stored in the .lzma header. LZMA Utils does that when compressing regular files.
The alternative is to mark that uncompressed size is unknown and use end of payload marker to indicate where the decom-
pressor should stop. LZMA Utils uses this method when uncompressed size isn't known, which is the case for example in
pipes.

xz supports decompressing .lzma files with or without end of payload marker, but all .lzma files created by xz will use
end of payload marker and have uncompressed size marked as unknown in the .lzma header. This may be a problem in some
(uncommon) situations. For example, a .lzma decompressor in an embedded device might work only with files that have known
uncompressed size. If you hit this problem, you need to use LZMA Utils or LZMA SDK to create .lzma files with known
uncompressed size.

Unsupported .lzma files
The .lzma format allows lc values up to 8, and lp values up to 4. LZMA Utils can decompress files with any lc and lp, but
always creates files with lc=3 and lp=0. Creating files with other lc and lp is possible with xz and with LZMA SDK.

The implementation of the LZMA1 filter in liblzma requires that the sum of lc and lp must not exceed 4. Thus, .lzma files
which exceed this limitation, cannot be decompressed with xz.

LZMA Utils creates only .lzma files which have dictionary size of 2^n (a power of 2), but accepts files with any dictio-
nary size. liblzma accepts only .lzma files which have dictionary size of 2^n or 2^n + 2^(n-1). This is to decrease
false positives when detecting .lzma files.

These limitations shouldn't be a problem in practice, since practically all .lzma files have been compressed with set-
tings that liblzma will accept.

Trailing garbage
When decompressing, LZMA Utils silently ignore everything after the first .lzma stream. In most situations, this is a
bug. This also means that LZMA Utils don't support decompressing concatenated .lzma files.

If there is data left after the first .lzma stream, xz considers the file to be corrupt. This may break obscure scripts
which have assumed that trailing garbage is ignored.

NOTES
Compressed output may vary
The exact compressed output produced from the same uncompressed input file may vary between XZ Utils versions even if
compression options are identical. This is because the encoder can be improved (faster or better compression) without
affecting the file format. The output can vary even between different builds of the same XZ Utils version, if different
build options are used.

The above means that implementing --rsyncable to create rsyncable .xz files is not going to happen without freezing a
part of the encoder implementation, which can then be used with --rsyncable.

Embedded .xz decompressors
Embedded .xz decompressor implementations like XZ Embedded don't necessarily support files created with check types other
than none and crc32. Since the default is --check=crc64, you must use --check=none or --check=crc32 when creating files
for embedded systems.

Outside embedded systems, all .xz format decompressors support all the check types, or at least are able to decompress
the file without verifying the integrity check if the particular check is not supported.

XZ Embedded supports BCJ filters, but only with the default start offset.